The Effectiveness Of Multiple Intelligences

The intent of this survey was to look into the relationship between listening comprehension and multiple intelligences linguistic communication instruction ( MILT ) . Twelve experimental categories have been conducted affecting eight pupils whose ages ranged from 7 to 9. One group worked with the MI plan and the other group worked with traditional direction. The Standard Listening Test, interviews, studies, and pupil self-evaluations were used to analyse the information. Analysis of informations revealed that there was a low positive relationship between listening tonss and the MI plan. Multiple intelligences linguistic communication learning encourages them to take part stuffs in conformity with learning penchants and their intelligences. These consequences provide important deductions for foreign linguistic communication instructors to avoid bettering merely one intelligence type and to cover assorted intelligences types to fulfill all mark pupils. Traditionally, our schools and civilization have focused most of their attending on lingual and logical-mathematical intelligence. However, Dr. Gardner develops new points of position for the construct of human intelligences which consist of many different aptitudes and accomplishments. Therefore, people should besides set the same consideration on persons who show gifts in the other intelligences: the creative persons, designers, instrumentalists, naturalists, interior decorators, terpsichoreans, healers, enterprisers. As a affair of a fact, many pupils who have these endowments do non make their potencies and do non have much attending in school. The MI plan introduces a peculiar linguistic communication educational construct in a manner kids can develop their linguistic communication proficiency easy, rapidly, and efficaciously. It provides the chance to larn in ways harmonious with their alone heads every bit good as ways that kids are most likely to larn. It suggests that instructors should learn their lessons in a broad assortment of ways utilizing music, art activities, kinaesthetic activities, concerted acquisition, function drama, multimedia, field trips, interior contemplation, and much more to pull as many pupils who have different gifts as possible. Fortunately, many pedagogues give attending to the theory of multiple intelligences, and 100s of schools are presently utilizing this methodological analysis to reflect on their course of study and redesign the course of study. The theory of MI assumes that people have at least seven different intelligences that human existences have in changing grades. This research used a particular MI checklist which was designed to prove pupils on seven separate intelligence dimensions. Seven techniques to learn besides helped them make up one's mind their preferable or dominant intelligences and supported the pupils to go more confident through seven corner activities during the experimental categories. Successful experiences of the MI plan could reassign other productive effects of larning. The MI plan would be valuable that it could heighten each person ‘s possible and exultant experiences through the course of study which reflects different single intelligences and variegation of learning schemes. The purpose of this survey is to detect whether pupils practising listening through the MI plan improve more than those pupils practising with a traditional attack. So the present survey addresses the undermentioned inquiry: Are there any important differences in listening comprehension between ESL scholars utilizing the â€Å" MI plan † vs. ESL scholars utilizing traditional direction? Literature Review In 1993, Howard Gardner published a book that challenge the manner intelligence was perceived and studied until so. He criticized that intelligences had been focused excessively much on a individual factor and familial heritage, via paper-and-pen trials. He alternatively insisted that human intelligences, the ability to work out jobs, could non be evaluated precisely by traditional IQ trials. He suggested a Multiple Intelligence ( MI ) Theory, means that ; all worlds have multiple intelligences including mathematical, lingual, musical, spacial, kinaesthetic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal intelligences. The abilities vary depending on the person. The seven intelligences as suggested by Gardner ( 1993 ) are as follows: a. Linguistic intelligence, which refers to the esthesia to the spoken and written word and the ability to utilize linguistic communication to show significance, and to actuate and carry others to make specific ends. B. Mathematical intelligence, which refers to the ability to cipher, to grok maps, and to work out jobs and other complex logical systems. c. Musical intelligence, which refers to the sensitiveness to chant, tune, beat and the ability to hold a right apprehension of the signifiers of music and to make musical signifiers. d. Spatial intelligence, which refers to the sensitiveness to determine, colour, line, infinite and the ability to use ocular images accurately to make the ocular universe on paper. e. Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence, which refers to the ability to utilize the organic structure in a skilled manner to pass on their thoughts and specific physical accomplishments such as balance, coordination and velocity for self-expression or to carry through a end. f. Interpersonal intelligence, which refers to the ability to grok other desires and motives, and interact efficaciously to tempers and state of affairss. g. Intrapersonal intelligence, which refers to the ability of self-knowledge for one ‘s feelings, emotions, and beliefs to be after and direct one ‘s life. In subsequently plants Gardner ( 1999 ) applied the Multiple Intelligence ( MI ) theory in the educational field at establishments such as Humanistic disciplines Profel, Key School, and Project Spectrum. He introduced his educational proposal that each pupil could larn more successfully when being taught with focal point on intelligence spheres through his MI schools. He suggested that people should understand the multiple intelligences of each person, develop his or her possible possibilities, and work out jobs utilizing strong intelligences. Furthermore, the MI theory contributed to the linguistic communication development of pupils, helped them to better their positive acquisition attitudes, and affected productive interaction between the instructor and pupils. Gardner ( 1993 ) suggested four important deductions in the MI theory. He suggested that all people own seven intelligences and â€Å" most people can come on their intelligences to an mean degree † ( 1993, Gardner ) . Most people normally incorporate many intelligences at one clip in complicated ways. There are assorted tracts to develop people ‘s intelligences in each class. The best manner to plan course of study using MI theory is by believing about how we can interpret the stuff from one intelligence to other intelligences ( 1993, Gardner ) . The following seven stairss propose as efficient manner to plan curriculum units using MI theory. â€Å" The instructor may concentrate on a specific subject and inquire cardinal MI inquiries. Then, the instructor may see the possibilities and brainstorm thoughts and choice appropriate activities. Finally, he or she may put up a consecutive degree and implement the program † ( 1993, Gardner ) . Since all pupils have different penchants in the seven intelligences, there are no perfect schemes to fulfill all pupils at all times. Using a assortment of learning schemes can be a powerful tool to develop pupils because they have different intelligences, demands, and penchants. Lazear ( 1994 ) suggested the following some schemes by which intelligences can be taught. Verbal /Linguistic intelligence The utile schemes of lingual intelligences may include storytelling, brainstorming, tape recording, poesy, argument, diary authorship, and publication. Logical/mathematical intelligence The effectual schemes of mathematical intelligences may include computations and quantifications, categorizations, sequences, pattern games, and scientific discipline thought. Visual/spatial intelligence The valuable schemes of spacial intelligences may include visual image, mind-mapping, designs, thought sketching, and in writing symbols. Bodily/kinesthetic intelligence The helpful schemes of bodily/kinesthetic intelligences may include organic structure replies, the Classroom Theater, kinaesthetic constructs, organic structure linguistic communication, mummer, and custodies on thought. Musical intelligence The utile schemes of musical intelligences may include utilizing rhythms, vocals, chants, discographies, humming, musical constructs, and music public presentations. Interpersonal intelligence The effectual schemes of interpersonal intelligences may include equal sharing, people sculptures, concerted groups, board games, individual to individual communications, and simulations. Intrapersonal intelligence The helpful schemes of intrapersonal intelligences may include one-minute contemplation periods, concentration accomplishments, pick clip, feeling-tones minutes, and end scene Sessionss. The MI plan maximizes the efficiency of acquisition by utilizing pupils multiple intelligences harmonizing to involvement, strength, and aptitude. Many researches have investigated the relationship between linguistic communication proficiency and the MI plan. Abdulkader ( 2009 ) suggested the effectivity of the MI plan employed in developing reading accomplishments such as word acknowledgment accomplishments and reading comprehension accomplishments in 60 5th class acquisition handicapped pupils. Furthermore, the MI plan can optimise motive and heighten memory acceleration ( Suan, 2009 ) . MI activities may heighten the acquisition procedure in the employment of larning schemes based on mathematical intelligence such as analysing sentences and larning schemes based on interpersonal intelligence such as treatment. Kim ( 2008 ) investigated the positive influences of MI theory on Korean schools by in-depth and concentrate group interviews. The pupils who participated MI plan developed positive learning attitude and self-pride and expanded pupils ‘ intelligence profile. Im ( 2003 ) advocated that there was important correlativity between trial tonss and spacial, musical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligence and a important difference in pupils ‘ involvement, preparedness, engagement in category and autonomous learning attitude. â€Å" There was no important difference in trial tonss between the midterm test and concluding test but there was a important difference in MI portfolio appraisal tonss between the first and the last appraisal † ( Im, 2003 ) . However, there are few researches about listening accomplishments utilizing the MI plan reverse to reading and composing accomplishments. It is important to demo the relation of Multiple Intelligences Theory and listening accomplishments for ESL scholars. Listening is a powerful accomplishment which enhances the other accomplishments in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. â€Å" Listening and reading are secondary accomplishments, agencies to other terminals, instead than terminals in themselves † ( 1999, Nunan ) . It is natural for a native talker to hold automatic hearing accomplishments, contrary to ESL scholars. Choi ( 2000 ) suggested that listening ability and attitude would be improved through the MI Program. He proposed that the MI plan was a successful for EFL pupils to better speech production and listening accomplishments and do pupils take part dynamically in a learning process with a assurance. The participants tried to utilize many words and spoke aloud and clearly during their presentation. Their comprehension of listening improved. Saricaoglu ( 2009 ) advocated the thought that there was a important relationship between a peculiar type of intelligence and accomplishment in grammar, hearing, and reading. His consequence showed that there was a high positive relationship between listening tonss and musical intelligences. Kim ( 2002 ) found that communicative competency including hearing and talking improved by using the MI plan for 5th grade pupils. The MI direction group showed a important betterment in listening and talking tonss instead than in traditional direction group. The research is strongly needed to look into hearing accomplishments utilizing the MI plan for ESL/EFL scholars since hearing is hard and a important basic accomplishment for ESL scholars contrary to native talkers. That is the ground that the listening accomplishments consequences about MI researches in the other states such as Korea, Turkey, and Japan are more than English speech production states. Method Participants Eight pupils ( four male ) with high novice proficiency degree participated in the present survey. Participants were chosen by the research worker as holding the same native linguistic communication ( Korean ) and similar English proficiency through a diagnosing trial. The participants, whose ages ranged from 7 to 9, have been in the United States less than 6 months. Students were indiscriminately classified into two groups: one group worked with the MI plan and the other group worked with the traditional direction. Procedure The MI plan was conducted for enduring 45 proceedingss each session, two times per hebdomad, for six hebdomads. Both groups were taught with the same frequence. Over these Sessionss the pupils of one group learned from a text edition utilizing the MI plan. The pupils completed MI activities by listening to other pupils ‘ speak and by talking their thoughts. Instructional methods based on the MI theory were devised, applied, and redesigned to the mark pupils. In add-on, pupils were allowed to work together the MI activities, and the teacher gave aid and mold. The seven intelligences were employed in all Sessionss, such as brainstorming, mathematical job resolution, utilizing illustrations, doing marks, function drama, organic structure motion, vocal and chant, collaborative working, measuring ain thought, and single contemplation. During the first session ( first three hebdomads ) , pupils experienced all seven MI groups. During the 2nd session ( the following 3 hebdomads ) , pu pils were allowed to take the Multiple Intelligences activities they wanted. The other group was taught by traditional direction with a text book, such as reading aloud, making inquiries and replies, and make fulling out press releases. Teacher-centered acquisition, such as traditional mini lessons about book context was conducted. 3. Materials and informations aggregation To transport out the experiment, books were redesigned and course of study was developed by concentrating on a specific subject and cardinal MI inquiries. Besides, appropriate MI activities were set up consecutive harmonizing to pupils ‘ involvement, proficiency degree, and demand. An instructional method based on the multiple intelligences theory was devised and applied. For the traditional direction, the lesson program was implemented in progress harmonizing to pupils ‘ degree and stuffs and appraisal were developed in progress. The standard listening trial of the Korea Minister of Education was conducted for dependable informations of the pre-test and post-test. It included the content of experiment learning with a entire mark of 100. In add-on, the research employed both structured and unstructured interviews, and pupil self-evaluations. After the experiment, a study was administered and the effectivity and the learning result of the experimental method will be analyzed. Consequences The inquiry in this survey investigated the differences in listening tonss between MI direction and traditional direction. The research worker used a pre-test and post-test of listening comprehension to verify this inquiry. The tabular array 1 shows that there is small difference in station trial tonss between MILT and traditional direction. The pre-test mean of MILT was 82.0 points and the pre-test mean of traditional direction was 83.0 points. The tabular array shows that there are positive differences in post-test mean tonss between the experimental group ( M = 87.5 ) and the control group ( M = 85.0 ) in the listening trial. Table 1. pre-test and station trial consequence between MILT and Traditional Instruction Milt Traditional Direction Capable pre-test station trial subjectaˆˆ pre-test station trial A1 84 90 B1 82 84 A2 82 88 B2 84 86 A3 80 84 B3 86 88 A4 82 88 B4 80 82 amount 328 350 entire 332 338 mean 82 87.5 mean 83 85.0 The chart below shows that both groups improved their hearing tonss in the station -test. The mean of both group ‘s pretest was 82.5 and that of station trial was 86.3. However, the MI group achieved somewhat more additions in listening trial tonss, compared to the control group.Chart 1. The comparing between pretest and station trial of each groupThe research worker used the T-test to analyze the way of this significance. The information shows that there is a low relationship between the post-test tonss and MILT ( P & lt ; .0.37 ) . The SD of both groups were similar. SD of Multiple intelligence group was 2.52 and SD of traditional direction group was 2.58.Table 2. T-test consequences for the differences in station trial tonss between experimental and control groups in the listening trial.Group Nitrogen Mean South dakota T-Test Milt 4 87.5 2.52 0.37 Traditional direction 4 85 2.58DiscussionsThe chief aim of the present survey was to research whether there were important differences in the listening trial between utilizing MI Program and traditional plan. Consequences indicated that there was a low positive relationship between listening tonss and the MI plan. Choi ( 2000 ) , Saricaoglu ( 2009 ) , and Kim ( 2002 ) showed a high positive relationship between an addition in listening tonss and the MI plan. Contrary to their research, using the MI plan might lend to bettering listening comprehension, but there was no high positive correlativity due to the short research period. Harmonizing to their interviews, studies, and observations of category, they participated in MI larning actively compared to the traditional categories. Besides, they reported more ennui when they were taught harmonizing to merely one intelligence type. These consequences provide important deductions for foreign linguistic communication instructors to avoid bettering merely one intelligence type of the pupils and to cover assorted intelligence types to fulfill all mark pupils. This survey ‘s inquiry was on the relationship between the MI direction and listening comprehension between ESL scholars. The consequence showed a low positive relationship. The findings including pupils ‘ interviews and a study suggested that multiple intelligences linguistic communication instruction ( MILT ) can be applied to ESL scholars ‘ English categories. MILT allows pupils to take part in bespoke survey and content to custom-make it to their involvements. This effort provides pupils with a sense of achievement, assurance, and positive acquisition attitudes. Children participated more actively and it promoted their interaction among other pupils. Ultimately, it somewhat developed their listening competency. Therefore, farther surveies should be conducted about the relationship between listening accomplishments and MI direction including long term research and more participants. Furthermore, it would be meaningful research if it finds any relationship and analysis of intelligences types and pupils ‘ success in linguistic communication accomplishments including hearing, speech production, reading, and composing.

Boys vs. Girls

Commonsense beliefs about boys and girls are not arbitrary. According to Archer and Lloyd (2002), they are associated with coherent ways of understanding the world in which we live, which for many centuries have been presented to each succeeding generation in the form of religious truths. The following little experiment demonstrates one situation where girls have outdone boys. Three boys and three girls were asked to kneel on the floor with their legs together by their high school teacher.All of them were made to bend forward and put their elbows up against their knees. Lipstick containers were placed upright at the end of the six young people’s fingers. Then, they were made to kneel up straight with their legs still together, with hands clasped behind their backs above their waists. They were then told to keep their arms and legs in their position while leaning forward, knock the lipstick container over their noses and return to the kneeling-up position. The observation was t hat girls can do it while boys can’t.The reason that this happened is because girls tend to have more body weight in the lower half of their bodies than boys do so they can balance better. But this little story/experiment does not prove that girls are better than boys. There are just some things that girls perform better than boys, AND vice versa. For instance, boys are observed to do significantly better than girls at mathematics, and understand relationships in the physical world better than the opposite sex (Archer and Lloyd, 2002).Conversely, girls are better at processing language than boys, which goes a long way toward explaining why girls overall have better communication than their gender counterparts. All of these examples and the experiment stated above just means that girls and boys are different. Differences do not imply an order of rank. Oranges and apples are different, but that doesn’t mean oranges are better than apples. Ovaries and testicles are differ ent, but that doesn’t mean that one is better than the other. WORK CITED Archer, J. & Lloyd, B. (2002). Sex and Gender. (2nd Ed. ). New York: Cambridge University Press. Boys vs. Girls Boys and Girls had always been perceived to be greatly different from each other. It has been stereotypically observed that when the doctor shouted, â€Å"It's a baby boy,† the nurse will wrap him around a blue cloth while on the other hand when the doctor declares, â€Å"It's a baby girl,† a pink cloth will then be wrapped around her. But aside from the usual determining colors associated with boys and girls, what other factors set both genders apart and make them distinct? According to Armin Brott, baby boys are slightly heavier and longer than girls at birth.This is why many first-time mothers spend longer labor hours and it ultimately leads to higher birth trauma resulting to more irritable actions among the boys than the girls (Brott, 2008). He also adds that boys are more inclined in a more energetic and rough games as compared to the girls who like to pretend and mimic (Brott, 2008). In accordance to this perception, Leonard Sax, a doctor and a psychologist asser ts that boys and girls differ in their view of the surroundings and environment.In studying the outlook of the girls, he showed an image with â€Å"a girl, a dress, a pet, the sun, flowers, rainbow and all those colors,† which has been the same kind of drawing girls all over the world has drawn (Selliot, 2008). On the other hand, he presented an image of â€Å" bloody red battle scenes, gray rocket ships and black speeding vehicles,† all of which are the same content of a boy's painting (Selliot, 2008). Furthermore, Brott observed that the girls take in greater sensory than boys wherein they can taste more, and tend to exhibit a greater need to be touched.There are actually more differences associated to the two genders. However, it is really difficult to identify who is greater or more superior than the other because as observed in the above comparison, both have their own unique personalities and inclinations which help develop their skills and perception in the thin gs around them. It is therefore important to appreciate the characteristics and traits that set the boys apart from the girls and vice-versa and what makes them special in their own ways. References Brott, A. (2008). â€Å"The Difference Between Boys and Girls. † Retrieved May 20, 2008 from ht

The Privilege of Being White: An Auto-ethnography

One of the most distinct and powerful aspects of the American society is diversity.   It is constituted by different people of various races, ethnicity, origin, color, beliefs and even languages.   America leads in this global phenomenon as it features itself as the home of the free, the land of cosmopolitanism and universality.Immigrants in the US such as Latin, African and Asian Americans have become an integral part of American society. And as part of the American culture, unique individual identities of immigrants are encouraged to be asserted and accepted for assimilation and continued growth of the American culture.Behind that so called American dream that many immigrants yearn for is the issue of racism that continues to pervade American society. Racial discrimination has metamorphosed in new forms and channels in the modern age.   It has been institutionalized and cunningly integrated within the fabric of society as both institutional and cultural phenomenon. (Kivisto a nd Rundblad)The established forms of racial inequalities before remains very much existent but manifests itself in institutional mechanisms today which provided a new dimension of racial segregation in the form of privileges and racial stigma.An ordinary everydayUpon getting this assignment, I quickly started a conscious reflection of my regular activities and made a critical analysis of my social environment in order to recognize the so called privilege that white people enjoys in society.  Ã‚   The first thing that come up in my mind on my way home is that in a society dominated by whites, the white people is a norm.Thus, non-whites are regarded as different or non customary.   In the most peculiar yet common way, I can easily socialize with or get into a company of white people most of the time.   On the other hand, I would have some hesitations in approaching or getting along with non whites.   At this point, I realize that there seems an unconscious prejudice within me that I can relate better with white people because I am one of them and subconscious assumption that they see me as a reflection of themselves as well because I am white.On the other hand, my hesitations to approach non white people may have also stemmed from some kind of bias that non whites are hostile or unwelcoming.   In worst scenarios especially towards non-whites in the streets, there seemed an automatic supposition on my part that they are gang members and are potentially dangerous.I believe that these subconscious feelings are reinforced and sustained by the popular media particularly how non whites have been negatively affected by stereotypical portrayals and the how whites are given privilege. (Branscombe and Doosje)The motion picture is one of the many media through which systematic racial, cultural, and historical discrimination and stratification in society is depicted as a reality in society.   The movie, â€Å"Boyz in the Hood† for instance, tells of the s truggles and perils of a young black man living in the ghetto were joining a gang is a survival kit and that violence in the neighborhood is a way of life.The controversial film â€Å"Do The Right Thing† in 1989, on the other hand accounts a series of events that described the racial tension in a predominantly black neighborhood that resulted to violent conflict in the end.   The movie, â€Å"higher learning† on the other hand, tells of the discrimination that extends in academic institutions that led to the murder of students as well.   The constant portrayal of non whites as gang members made me think that most blacks and Latinos are gang members and are therefore potentially treacherous and threatening.

A Good Accounting practise is Vital to a Company's Success Research Proposal

A Good Accounting practise is Vital to a Company's Success - Research Proposal Example The key to the success of a business lies in the true accounting of the above elements in financial accounting. The public put trust on the transparency of the accounts and it will tell upon the good will of the company. If the accounting fails to meet the situations, the company will perish. Therefore, the qualitative characteristics of financial statements such as understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability should be enforced while preparing the financial accounting of a company. The qualitative characteristics will provide the necessary information to the creditors as well as the investors for keeping a watch on the performance of the company. This study is focused on the financial accounting practice related to a company with a very small investment. For a company instituted with a capital of â‚ ¤1000 the quantum of financial transaction will be very low. The labour management as well as the administrative costs will also be put to the minimum, accordingly. Here, the role and concern of the stakeholders are comparatively seen at the bottom level. The purpose of this research is to show that a good accounting practice is vital to the success of a company. In order to establish this, the different aspects of accounting practices are to be taken into consideration focusing on how a good accounting practice can be conceived and implemented, in the case of a small venture which has a very low capital and low labour cost. To achieve this, it is necessary to analyse the general principles and possibilities of a good accounting practice and the way how it is applied to a small concern towards maintaining its existence. In business, the entrepreneur is at stake because he has invested money to run the business. In big companies with large investment, the public may also put money in the capacity of share holders. This

Causes of PM2.5 in China Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Causes of PM2.5 in China - Research Proposal Example This paper illustrates that being a modestly developed nation from earlier times, China went into an active phase of economic expansion from the 1970s and emerged as one of the prominent world economies by the turn of the century. Further aided by international trade agencies’ removal of trade barriers, China brought down its â€Å"iron curtain† thereby facilitating both inward and outward flow of investments. â€Å"Nowadays China is one of the worlds top exporters and is attracting record amounts of foreign investment. In turn, it is investing billions of dollars abroad†. Still being a socialist market economy, China has become the second largest economy in terms of nominal GDP, and the fastest-growing economy achieving growth rates of over 10 percent for the past three decades. â€Å"With a population of 1.3 billion, China recently became the second largest economy and is increasingly playing an important and influential role in the global economy†. This optimal economic growth has led to a number of benefits for its people and the nation as a whole including elevated lifestyle, increased purchasing power, development of finest infrastructures, and many more. However, this economic ascendance has also caused a number of challenges, with environmental degradation and the resultant health issues being the prominent one. China’s economy is mainly fuelled by its manufacturing sector, but this sector primarily emits a number of dangerous materials affecting the environment. Furthermore, China’s fast-growing economy has accentuated its energy demand, with environmentally-destructive coal being used to meet the rising demands. So, increased economic activity has gravely affected the natural environment causing a number of health problems to the Chinese people including life-threatening diseases such as cancers, heart diseases, respiratory problems, and others. Treating these health issues drain the exchequer’s money t hereby in a way sizably affecting or even nullifying the economic growth. More than this issue, the basic aspect of any economic growth is that it should elevate and safeguard people’s lives and not be a detriment.

Rationalism and Empiricism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rationalism and Empiricism - Essay Example Empiricism after Hume’s philosophy, however, requires an a posteriori knowledge apart from analytical endeavor for such theory posits that matters of fact in the world may only be ascertained by perceiving through the senses. In the light of an empirical attempt for one to obtain certainty with truths that may be contingent, Hume necessitates engagement with observations wherein an observer becomes capable of designating philosophical connections with contiguity and identity of objects [2]. _____________________ 1. â€Å"Rationalism – Rene Descartes.† 2012. Web. http://science.jrank.org/pages/10983/Rationalism-Ren-Descartes.html. 2. Harrison-Barbet, Anthony. â€Å"Philosophical Connections: Hume (1711-76).† 2011. Web. http://www.philosophos.com/philosophical_connections/profile_068.html. A rationalist like Descartes proposes that the knowledge we may acquire is derived from the ideas that are intrinsic by nature. As such, the mathematical knowledge that th e sum of all three angles in any triangle is always equal to 180 degrees is an innate conception that is part of a universal set of absolute truths the discovery of which is made by reasoning. It is believed under the argument of Descartes that since genuine knowledge is inborn, God has created the natural laws for this knowledge to constitute our mental faculties inherently. The rationalist thereby goes on to state – â€Å"there is no single one we cannot understand if our mind proceeds to consider it† for the things conceived already exist as they are and are brought to cognition only to reveal their proofs yet to be unfolded in the absence of regard for senses [3]. On the contrary, nevertheless, an empiricist like Hume maintains that beliefs regarding matters of fact, hence, determine genuine progress for explicating that no self-evident relation exists when ideas bear apparent distinctions and separability within their number. For Hume, we possess no knowledge of s uch factual matters since connections in beliefs presupposed by cause and effect can only be yielded at after experiencing cases with similar characteristics that not even inferential validity of previous encounters would do alone to make adequate explications of these same beliefs [4]. What –ism seems to be stronger   in your mind and why? What are the arguments for and against Rationalism and Empiricism? Descartes is suspicious of the senses because for him, in order to fathom a significant truth, one must doubt all perceived knowledge. Since preconceptions are normally acquired by _________________ 3. â€Å"Descartes – The Rationalist.† 2012. Web. http://www.creatorix.com.au/philosophy/11/11f09.html. 4. Kemerling, Garth. â€Å"Hume: Empiricist Naturalism.† 12 Nov 2011. Web. http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/a5.htm#a-pr. the senses then these senses should be subject to scepticism as well. Once the intellect has been purged of its old content with the attached senses by the method of doubt, only then can scepticism be defeated on its own ground in the process of rebuilding knowledge upon pure cognition that enables a rational person to yield to clarity and distinction of ideas. On the other hand, Hume suspects reasoning on the

Michelangelo and Bernini Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Michelangelo and Bernini - Essay Example Before one can fully appreciate Michelangelo’s contribution to the Baroque style, more must be known about Michelangelo’s particular style as an architect. Michelangelo (1475-1564) is perhaps most famous for his frescoes painted on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. He is also well-known as a sculptor, having created numerous famous pieces such as David and the Pieta. However, he was also an accomplished architect. Having won fame and admiring support from the Pope to many other leaders of Renaissance Italy through his painting and sculptural talents, Michelangelo turned architect in his later years, smoothly incorporating his sculptural ideas of communicating through the stone with his natural ideas concerning his paintings to create unique works of art in things as utilitarian as a set of stairs for the Laurentian Library. While impressive and highly decorative, modern interpretations of this staircase criticize it for its massive use of space and for the nearly unusa ble aspects of the two outer lower stairways. However, Michelangelo’s architectural work demonstrates that he wasn’t as firmly entrenched in the Classical ideals of his time as his contemporaries. â€Å"Michelangelo generated sculptural detailing that marked the beginning of the Baroque and the end of purely classical architecture. Michelangelo emphasized visual effect over the structural logic of a design. He always subordinated invention to the needs of overall composition†.The way he accomplished this occurred.

Writing to Convince Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Writing to Convince - Essay Example The state of Oklahoma is no exception to protecting its pivotal civilians and, therefore, presents provisions to protect the societal individuals. Once the society selects the few who should be contained and restrictions offered, individuals might relate better to their normal routine. However, Oklahoma has witnessed a high number of inmates in prisons with the crime rate increasing and the law providing fewer alternative rehabilitation measures for less crime offenders. Among this number are women whose number is increasing in the prisons leaving a void in their homes, with the majority of children growing up without the motherly care. The number of inmates has surpassed the state’s budget on the initial expectation of the figure that are in the prisons. There is an alarming rate of sex offenders with elevating crime against children and corruption in businesses. This paper argues on the need to reduce the number of inmates in Oklahoma prisons and the impact of this problem o n individuals and society. The number of individuals increasing in these prisons means that there is a substantial increase in the crimes committed to the Oklahoma community. The law has recognized serious crimes to be against children and in embezzlement of finance in organizations. This has led to a witnessed an increase in the number of women in prisons escalating to protect the victims. There are non-violent offenders and those that are most dangerous who are included in this program. The lack of a proper system to rehabilitate the non-violent offenders and the parole system flaws has led to the integration of the entire criminals within the limited spaces. Oklahoma is mentioned as the only state with the provision that the governor should sign every parole program before the prisoner is inducted. The number of inmates increasing ion the prisons has an implication of unhealthy living within the confines leading to violence elevating in

Fast-food Restaurant and Reasons for Obesity Research Paper

Fast-food Restaurant and Reasons for Obesity - Research Paper Example First Problem (Genes) Genes have an impact upon each facet of human physiology and adaptation and hence obesity is no exception. Obesity essentially runs in families which further suggest the fact that it might have genetic reasons. It can be stated that an explanation of the obesity epidemic needs to include the role of the genetic and that of the environment. According to the ‘thrifty genotype’ hypothesis, the genes that assisted ancestors to sustain for longer time are now being challenged by the surroundings where the food is found in abundant. Although there is decline in the rate of physical activity and increase in the rate of calorie intake that is responsible for obesity, it needs to be considered that these trends are being practiced on the background of genetic variation in the population. The individual’s genetic background can be considered as a significant determinant related to vulnerability to obesity. It needs to be remembered that people with obesity related genes are not intended to be obese. However, they are likely to have a greater risk related to obesity (BBC News, 2009). Second Problem (Eating Habits and Physical Activity) Eating habits and physical activity can be considered as one of the main reasons behind obesity. It can be observed that Americans are found to be consuming higher calories in the present times. Only 10% of the Americans are found to be consuming a healthy diet in keeping with the federal nutrition recommendations (World Health Organization, 2012). The diet of the Americans is found to be too high in terms of saturated as well as trans fat, refined sugars and is low in terms of fruits, vegetables, calcium and fiber which increases the likelihood of obesity. Moreover, it has further been found that nearly 50% of the American adults do not obtain the suggested amount of the physical activity. It is the regular exercise that assists in preventing obesity by a significant extent (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). Solution to Genetic Problem With the assistance of the new molecular tools as well as resources, studies can be undertaken in order to seek common obesity gen es in the near future. These genes can assist in the determination of the root causes of the problems related to obesity. It will also potentially advocate new therapies or interventions and thus offer tools in order to comprehend how people respond to their environment in order to become obese or remain lean. In the modern day context, it is significant for the obese people to work hard in comparison to others in order to maintain a healthy body weight by means of long-term and sustained lifestyle alterations. Although it is difficult to change people’s genetic make-up and to control the environment however the obese people can learn regarding controlling the lifestyle choices that they make (Lyon & Hirschhorn, 2005). Solution to the Problem of Eating Habits and Physical Activity Consumption of less

Dispersed Team Dynamics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dispersed Team Dynamics - Assignment Example The success of an organization depends upon the quality of its functions based on its original principles while respecting the truth of innovations necessary for meeting the challenges that are inevitable part of the management process. The run for excellence demonstrated by various managements exposes every organization to a rather demanding field of competition where the leadership is forced to focus on creating opportunities among multiple choices. Any such innovation which can bring positive result in the business process involves risk-taking. More often, the risks appear to hit the functional areas such as goal-setting, communication and organizational changes which can together act as the blue-print for innovations. According to Stasi (2013), the most essential player that drives the virtual team in every organization is the communication system. A technically sound and mechanism of communication eliminates substantial amount of risk lying in the process of connecting people fr om different geographical and cultural regions of the world who form part of the working staff. There are a number of key players that structure the virtual team and enable the managers to continue with the successful chase of long-term and short-term organizational goals. A close association of important elements like the organizational purpose, human stakeholders and the tools meant for their coordination can ensure the accomplishment of success of every organization with thoughtful and dedicated application of management skills by their leaders. Among all the inputs given to the business, communication plays the most important role. As a result, there is a rapid change in the organizations across the world with regards to their information processing and communication systems. Today’s economic world doubtlessly requires the managers to give first priority to making such virtual teams which

Review Coursework for Rules for monetary policy questions

Review for Rules for monetary policy questions - Coursework Example However, the excessively high level of money circulating in the economy induces inflation. Conversely, the excessively low level of money circulating in the economy kills economic performance and induces deflation. Since the association between the money supply and other economic indicators such as the gross domestic product and prices level or inflation has become irregular, the money growth based policies have been unsuccessful (What is money supply? Is it important?, 2014). Adopting rules for the monetary policy is like suggesting that the economy regulators clearly understand all the variables within the economy and how they affect one another. The center stage for the formulations of rules for monetary policy is the interest rates and the economic output. It is currently clear that the performance of an economy is influenced by the performance of other institutions like the financial market, the capital market, and the financial institutions. These players add to the list of factors to be considered when formulating rules for monetary policy. The regulators have not been able to understand fully how the financial markets affect the economy, thus, controlling an unclear situation could cause damages. Therefore, the policy makers are reluctant to adopt rules for monetary policy (Swanson, 2014). Swanson, A. (2014). What the US could gain and lose from monetary policy rules. Retrieved from

Literary Analysis of Barn Burning Essay Example for Free

Literary Analysis of Barn Burning Essay Child abuse has been a common occurrence throughout the times of this world. In the story Barn Burning that was written by the author William Faulkner, a story is told of a boy named Colonel Sartoris Snopes who lives with his family. His father is a man who has seen the brutality of war and has a very cold heart. His name is Abner Snopes. His heart is so cold that it is almost as if he is not even human. William Faulkner in the story uses words comparing Abner Snopes to a house fly, or stinging wasp and also says that he lifts his hand like a curled claw. This suggests that the Author was trying to give the readers an image of Abner Snopes being someone who lacked human qualities. Mainly he lacked qualities such as compassion and understanding. Abner Snopes outer appearance completely reflects his inner emotions. His leg being shot in the war as he was attempting to steal confederate horses from for his very own self profit, drags behind him everywhere he goes. This image fits well with the strange ideology of family values he has, as well as the inner corruption and love of revenge that this character embodies. He compensates for these lack of human qualities by ruling over his family with an iron fist, and bring violence to anyone who he believes that has done wrong towards him. In the beginning of the story Sartoris and Abner Snopes are in a court room being accused of burning down another man’s barn. Mr. Harris, the barn owner, explains how Abner Snopes pig repeatedly broke through hia fence escaping into Mr. Harris’s property. After multiple occurrences Mr. Harris demands one dollar from Abner Snopes for the return of his animal. A man is sent to Mr.  Harris’s with the money to buy back the hog but as a leaving message the man forewarns Mr. Harris that wood and hay are combustible. The judge decides that that alone is not enough to be used as proof so the case is dismissed. However, the judge lets Abner Snopes know that he wants him out of the county for good. Throughout the story it is obvious the Sartoris’s father is trying to influence him by teaching him how to be corrupt and embrace revenge trying to fool him with words such as â€Å"being loyal to your family before anything else. † (Faulkner) Colonel Sartoris Snopes is quite different from his father. Although his father attempts infusing him with potentially corruptive influence Sartoris has a sense of justice. His father tries to manipulate him by continuously explaining to him the importance of family loyalty, yet Sartoris’s conscious doesn’t agree with everything his father has to do or say. Sartoris’s worldview and morality was for more mature than that of his brothers’ who lacks the will power to stand up to his father. Eventually the family arrives to their new home. Destiny plays out and eventually Abner Snopes gets into his another argument and confrontation has begun. Abner snopes ruins a rug with manure and is told to clean it. He tries but the rug is ruined beyond repair so he is ordered to make a payment. He refuses, so once again they find themselves in court and he is than forced to pay for it. Frustrated and outraged Abner Snopes embraces his wanting of revenge and plans to light fire to the rug owners’ barn. He pours kerosene into a container and demands his son Sartoris to fetch him the oil. Instead he manages to escape and warn the owners of the barn of what is going on and his father is shot and killed. Sartoris acted out of the spur of the moment but he did what his heart wanted him to do. He sees through his Father’s attempts of manipulation and puts an end to his reign of terror over his family. In the end he decides that support he was receiving from his family that his father stated that they were continuously giving him, was something that he could do without. This story is not a typical one when it comes to the topic of child abuse. Most people would think that they would hear about starvation, or beatings, or sexual molestation. But child abuse is harming a child whether it be mentally or physically and forcing a child to live with something like this can be severely mentally damaging.

An Analysis Of Internet Businesses

An Analysis Of Internet Businesses The reason for writing this essay is to discuss The Advantages and Disadvantages of conducting business on the Internet in the Twenty First Century. In the Twenty First century the advantages and the disadvantages of the use of the Internet is tremendous worldwide. There is enormous benefit to achieve when conducting a business on the Internet. You may ask why I should invest on the Internet. It is to your advantage to invest wisely. It allows access 24/7 and 365 days a year, therefore, no need to hire office helpers for shift or normal working hours, people will visitors your website since there are computers with Internet access, which they can use to gain access the website at anytime anywhere. On the other while there are advantages on the Internet for business to do well, there can also be some inauspicious situation or circumstances. No physical contact, such as no eye contact, no face to face communication, products sometime, ordered might be damaged or loss, during delivered, no way of knowing until it is received, as a result loss of time and productivity. Chaotic Most people who organize, operate, and assume a business venture on the Internet know it can be chaotic and disappointing sometime. Nonetheless, with sufficient communication most businesses can gain much benefit from advertising on the Internet and minimize the disadvantage risk that comes along with it. On the other hand, it may prove to have the buying or selling power that produces a relatively constructive position. Services Many services are now provided on the internet such as banking online, I have not gone into the bank for a while, Ive done all my banking online such as paying my college fees. When I am travelling I purchased all my tickets online that usually cost less than if I purchased it off-line. I am using the internet for just about everything it is a great tool. Nevertheless as Buchannan writes one of the advantages it is easy to set up and lead users from one place to the next in a logical manner. The disadvantage is that data is relatively easy to tap into and possible changed.  [1]   Low Cost Internet communication provides the advantage of lower estimate and storing costs, comparing to printing posters, making a radio or television broadcasting or, supporting a media center. It allows good deal consideration for entering new buying or selling. Internet information is ageless the advertisement also make available the advantage of being lasting.  [2]   It allows volunteered playing an important part to examine carefully the goods and the services and leave notes for others to use. It is cost effective; compare the costs of sending out physical mailing to 25,000 addresses, with the costs of an e-mailing to 250.000 e-mail addresses. Reproduction at zero cost Whether 1,000 visitors come to your site or 25,000, the increased cost is marginal.  [3]   Blogging In all likelihood, we have heard about, blogging one might want to know what is it? What helpful or useful benefits will my business derive from it? A blog is an abbreviation for web log and they are web notes containing up-to-date information on hot issues among the Internet community what. It is also an important Search Engine Marketing tool as it is increasingly used to promote online businesses. Having a blog helps your website get better rankings in the search engines.  [4]   When you want to design a blog it is important to set a clear goal with a reasonable purpose in mind. Select a theme that will be beneficial to your website in the long run, and to the people who visit your website. Provide current, relevant and essential topics. Ask for the reason, cause, or purpose? Ask yourself why blogging would be of help to my business on the Internet. Because it offers excellent search engine tools that can make the search engines, perform at a greater speed, and make the website communicate to your all customers and other business. In fact other bloggers will transmit customers to your sit without cost; it gives your site a good chance for success. June 2005, eBay It is known that the Internet attract more shoppers for goods and services, June 2005, eBay, the Worlds online marketplace, occupied the 5th position in the USA top 10 parent companies with a unique audience of 39,468.000 (Nielsen/Net Ratings) The e-learning sector will grow from $10.3 billion in 2002 to $83.1 billion in 2006, and eventually swelling to over $212 billion by 2011 (Consultant Brandon-Hall) E-commerce transactions in 2005 will reach $168 billion and $316 billion in 2010. These estimates include travel, which is typically the biggest e-commerce sales driver. Excluding travel, e-commerce is expected to grow 14 percent in 2005 (Forrester Research) The online travel industry will double its revenues in the next three years, from $38 billion in 2004 to more than $80 billion in 2007 eMarketer.  [5]   The Internet is now known as low cost and most adequate sales tool around, because of link to the Internet, compare to other business. You have a chance to grow your business successful on the Internet with the right type of Internet promoting fundamentals symbol of principles promotion and decent activities According to Real Time Statistics for Measuring Success of Promotion Campaign the most important advantages of Internet advertisement is that its successful and can be seen.  [6]  Buyers, and sellers use program that give immediate results. Some promotion, give visitors the ability to determine the significant of an advertise product. Which allow the customer to evaluate what is good for them and, also allow time for them to make changes of what they buy and how they it. Steve Here is a man by the name of Steve proclaiming in his own words that working from home via the Internet he received unexpected benefit Steve is a 47-year-old father with two boys, Thomas 16 Jack 12. Ive always been the main breadwinner in our household and a little while ago, received notice that the factory for which I managed Health Safety was to close. As our children were both at critical stages of their education we decided to stay in the area and look for work locally. Id always wanted to work for myself and luckily came across the Community Times business. After attending a seminar at their HQ. I quickly realized that the business would not only suit me but would also have benefits to the whole family. I get to work from home, spend more time with my family, watch my boys play football and earn more than ever whilst being in full control of my familys destiny.  [7]   It has being proven there are disadvantages of managing a business on the Internet. Challenge in verifying authenticity records, advertising on the web, challenge for the business and costumers to perform a complete analysis to determine the genuineness of a transactions. As a result most small businesses are open to attack by larceny, with stolen credit cards and stolen information to do online transaction. With Internet credit card and identity fraud on the rise, small businesses are forced to finance costly security measures to reduce their vulnerability to fraudulent transactions.  [8]   Other unfavorable condition isolation no physical contact with buyers therefore more sales opportunity is lost. Enterprise is forced to choose advertising method in order to lure back customers to the website. Nevertheless, the advantages surpass the disadvantages. With sufficient understanding, enterprise can gain to profit from Internet advertisement, particularly those owners small business. Conclusion The Internet is a very effective. It has many advantages; on the other hand, it also has its disadvantages too.

Effect of Flexible Working Hours on Motivation

Effect of Flexible Working Hours on Motivation INTRODUCTION As this is the research methods assignment so I did research on my selected topic which is Do flexible work timings increase the morale and motivation levels of employees? and come to know with different findings that what are the advantages and disadvantages of flexible working hours, and what other peoples opinion regarding that etc. So this research project put out to inspect the spirits and motivation levels of employees. On the basis of pilot sample evidence, it is seen that most employees would want to work in flexible timings and feel highly motivated when given the opportunity to do so. As flexible working hours is an advantage for many workers, which can help an organization to keep and retain its good and effective employees. Flextime can also enable workers to become more creative by organizing their work days around personal needs. No doubt that many firms are allowing its employees flextime and also keeping record for this, but some of the organization have core working hours for example, from 09:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. with an hour off for lunch. These core hours vary widely from company to company and industry to industry. Flextime employees are given the opportunity to schedule their additional working hours from 05:00 a.m. to 09:00 p.m. for example with at least eight total working hours a day or hours given by company. It can also be beneficial for parents who are working and want to spend a time each day with their children. Many employees foundd that their productivity can increase by setting flexible hours, which may enable them to work for calm time in early morning or evening. Some telephone salespersons, such as, may find that they have more success working late into the evening, rather than being forced to work during normal daytime hours. Some software engineers, research staff, or other people may feel that working late into the night is best for them as late night they can do better because that time they can do their work without any interruption. One of the key to successful flextime scheduling is to determine in advance all employees weekly or monthly schedules. Clearly, a company cant function if everyone is gone at the same time every day. Managers need to work out best possible flexible time schedules with employees, adjusting individual needs with overall company requirements. In todays rigid labor market, many types of businesses can offer flexible scheduling as a benefit to applicants. Research Objective This research study is trying to determine the benefits derived due to the preface of flexible working hours amongst the employees. To determine whether implementing flexible work timings will be impact on the self-esteem of employees motivation levels of employees. Significance: This research seek to find the result of flexible working hours provided to employees so to enable them to keep a balance in their personal as well as professional lifes.this research paper also develops the hypothesis on the different challenges which are faced by organizatons to be competitive in business. These Flexible work practice provides managers and employees with the opportunity to mutually plan adapted working arrangements to suit their joint needs. Here are some benefits of flexible work practices which are stated below (for institute); Saving of skilled employees who can otherwise leave the organization. Reduced training and recruitment costs due to lower employment turnover. Increased employee job satisfaction, commitment and resultant productivity. Improved employee morale and reduced stress Here are some benefits of flexible work practices which are stated below (for employee); Opportunity to combine family and personal responsibilities with career goals and personal development. Increased job satisfaction and motivation as a result of a better balance of work and family commitments. Reduction in stress as a result of more suitable working arrangements. Reasons why the need for new ways of working business drivers to change: Employers are under continual pressure to: Increase competitiveness Improve the quality and widen the scope of services to customers Boost productivity Manage the workforce more efficiently Reducing costs Increase the organizations capacity to innovate Improve morale and motivation of the workforce, aiding recruitment and retention of employees LITERATURE REVIEW It has been observed that by and large most employees would like to work in flexible timings since this gives them room for more activities. Also females are more likely to work in flexible timings than men. Flexible work timings can greatly help in boosting employee morale and motivation levels. Flexible Working we can say its a broad term, its Changes in the natural history of employment essentially moves to better variety and elasticity in work pattern,changes in technology enable work to be passed out in different ways. Flexible Contracts, Flexible Hours, Flexible Location, Flexible Tasks. There are the development in information and communications technologies which are in the process of enabling the new methods of working. These may incorporate or support the first category. PROBLEM STATEMENT However, recently it has been noticed that companies are increasingly facing challenges in terms of employee attrition and also dissatisfaction of employees due to the increasingly competitive market. To address this issue, companies have introduced flexible working hours for employees. Flexible timings ensure that employees continue to maintain their productive hours, as expected from them at their own comfort. Employees are expected to put in a certain number of productive hours per week and hence they have the comfort of logging in these hours at their own discretion. So our problem definition is: Do flexible work timings increase the morale and motivation levels of employees? THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Inventory of Variables The variables in this research study are Motivation level / Morale of employees and Flexible timings. In our case, Flexible timing is the independent variable and Motivation level and the Morale of employees are the dependent variables. The relation between the two is the effect of flexible timings on the motivation level / morale of the employees. There is no moderating variable in this case which in any affects the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable. Independent Dependent Variable Variable Motivation Level of Employees Flexible Work Timings Morale of Employees Direction of Relation Flexible Work Timing Have Positive Effect on Motivational Level of Employees Flexible Work Timing Have Positive Effect on Morale Of employees Explanation of established relationship among Flexible Work Timing Effect the Behavior of An employee. If an Employee is doing hard job then these flexible work Time Motivate Him that After doing Rest he can continue his work. So thats why its positive Effect. Flexible Time Also effect on the Morals of an Employee. Because it give opportunity to do something else In flexible work timing. Inventory of Propositions in a sequential order Flexible Work Timing Positively Effect on Motivational Level of Employees Flexible Work Timing Have Positive Effect on Morale Of employees HYPOTHESES In the traditional test of significance, two kinds of hypothesis are used the null hypothesis and the other one which is alternate hypothesis. Null hypothesis (Ho) is used for testing. It is the statement that no difference exists between the parameter and the statistic being compared. Second is Alternative hypothesis (H1) is alternative hypothesis is alternative hypothesis which holds that there has been a change. Testing of hypothesis can be explained as a six steps process Establishing a null hypothesis Choosing the statistical test on the basis of assumption about the population distribution and measurement level select the desired level of significance Parametric and non parametric tests are applicable under various conditions like parametric operates with the interval and ratio data and are preferred when their assumptions can be met. Non parametric tests do not require stringent assumptions about the population distribution and are less useful with less nominal and ordinal values. Before we start our research, based on our problem statement, we have come with the following hypotheses: 1.  Null Hypothesis: H0= Flexible timings do not have any effect on employee morale. Alternate Hypothesis: H1=Flexible timings have effect improve employee morale. 2.  Null Hypothesis: H0= Flexible timings do not have any effect on employee motivation. Alternate Hypothesis: H1=Flexible timings improve employee motivation. RESEARCH DESIGN A research design is used to guide a research study toward its objectives. The process of designing a research study involves many interrelated decisions. The most significant decision is the choice of research approach, because it determines how the information will be obtained. The measurement of processes of learning and the evaluation of the outcomes of the teaching-learning process have always posed major problems in research design. This is especially true where the desired outcomes are broadly defined as changes in interpersonal behavior: a complex of knowledge, values, perceptions, and behavioral skills. One purpose of this paper is to provide investigators with a review of the methodological problems involved in planning and conducting such studies. Unlike much research in the behavioral sciences which is primarily intelligible and of interest only to other researchers, research on human relations training is frequently written for and read by administrators and practitioners who may base action decisions on the findings. Their need is for guidelines which will aid them in evaluating the soundness of research reports and their applicability to practical decisions on the planning and conduct of training. This paper is equally addressed, then, to the creators and consumers of research on human relations training. Classification of Research The different research designs can be categorized into research design in case of: Exploratory Research Studies. Descriptive And Diagnostic Research Studies Experimental research Studies My Research based on Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Studies Because Descriptive research studies are concerned with describing the characteristics of certain individuals or a group. E.g. studies concerning whether certain variables are associated. Diagnostic research studies determine the frequency of with which something occurs or its association with something else. E.g. studies concerned with specific predictions, with narration of facts and characteristics concerning individual, group or situation. The descriptive as well as diagnostic research studies share common requirements. In both the studies, the researcher must be able to define clearly, what he wants to measure and must find adequate methods of measuring it. The aim is to obtain complete and accurate information, hence, the procedure to be used must be carefully planned. It should make enough provision for protection against bias and must maximize reliability. The design must be rigid and not flexible. Data collection techniques: The data of our research is collected in a survey is just like by filling up a questionnaire from 30  selected respondents, also the research is going to be conducted in natural environment where work proceeds normally. This research is a mix of both qualitative and quantitative research methods since we are going to use current statistics from previous researches and we have also conducted a survey of Employees on how their behave before and after Training and Development. There are 10 questions in each questionnaire. Population The population of this research are randomly chosen Employee of different age who are working in an organization. Random sampling technique is used to make sure we dont cherry pick our respondents. And the Targeted population is the employee of Tech pack Company. Sampling Form the sample of 30 respondents is drawn from which the selected population (before and after training) by using random sampling techniques. And check there working Ability by Production and quality. Tools of Data Collection These following tools Were used for Data Collection. Pilot sample. Field Research Collection of data its processing and analysis My method of collection of data will be with the help of a questionnaire, a sample of which is attached at the end for reference. We will cover those companies, which work with fixed timings. Using the data collected in the form of questionnaires, analysis will be performed and we can arrive at a conclusion whether flexible timings actually improve employee morale and motivation. Here we see that we are not able to calculate the values for à Ã†â€™ and X- µ , as à Ã†â€™ represents the standard deviation of the population and  µ represents the population mean. Both these values are not available to us. Hence we will be carrying out a survey on a pilot sample. For this pilot a sample size of 30 respondents is chosen. We see that for all the critical questions the Likers scale has been used for gathering data. On this scale option a would give us value 1, option b would give us value 2 and so on till option f which would give us value 6. Once the pilot data is gathered, we will use Microsoft Excel sheet to calculate the sample size. After the information has been composed from a representative sample of the population, the next step is to analyze the research hypothesis. Firstly the data i.e. the questionnaires would be checked for completeness and the wherever data is incomplete attempts will be made to get it filled up / or get it discarded. Then the data will be coded using the following formats:- Wherever the response to the question would indicate Yes /No we will use 1 for Yes and 2 for No In case of questions using the Likert scale, we will use the following coding convention Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree This coding will be useful in analyzing the data using tools like Microsoft Excel. Frequency distributions of the supposed variables of interest will be obtained. illustration displays like histograms, bar charts would be constructed. Below is a sample of the frequency distribution, which would be obtained with pilot data using Excel. FINDINGS Tentatively this research study seeks to examine the effects of flexible work timings on the employees morale and motivation levels. Based on similar studies done in the past we are likely to conclude that:- Many employees would want the option of flexible work timings. This is because of the changing work environment. Today many people are working more than 60 hours a week instead of the regular 48 hours. This leads to increased stress levels. Working patterns have changed drastically too as workers in service industries such as banks, insurance companies and supermarkets increasingly have to be available to offer 24-hour services to the consumer. Similarly public sector workers are increasingly expected to provide services beyond the traditional 9am to 5pm day. Also more and more employees are becoming aware of flexible working arrangements. It is expected that females would be more likely than men to request for flexible work timings. This is because increasing numbers of women with young children are in work. In two-thirds of families both parents now work outside the home, up from under a half in the 1980s. Women with children under 6 are more likely to request for flexible timings. Meeting childcare needs would be expected to be the most common reason given by employees for requesting to work flexibly, particularly women. Since today many couples with small children are working in organizations, this leaves them with little time to take care of their little ones. If there is no one at home to take care of the children, then either one of them has to take leave to take care of the young one, or the kid is left in a daycare centre. By opting for flexible work timings, this situation can be managed easily with one of the partners staying back. Most of the employees would agree that an employee would be greatly motivated if given the chance to work in flexible timings. Flexible work timings enable an employee to balance his work life and personal life. It is  because of this that he tends to have lesser stress levels and feels good about his organizations caring approach. Hence the degree of motivation in greatly enhanced. When asked most of the employees would agree that an employee tends to be more productive to the organization if he / she are working in flexible timings. In flexible timings the employee can work at his own comfort level and at his discretion, which allows him greater control over his life. This greatly help to increase the productivity of the employee in his organization. It is expected that the majority of the employees would agree that an employee tends to be more committed to the organization if he/she is working in flexible timings. Due to the greater flexibility provided in flexible work timings, the employee feels a greater  sense of commitment to his organization. This is because h feels that the organization is doing a lot to help him, so in turn he / she should also give the same back to his organizations. Many of the employees would agree that an employees morale is higher when he/she are working in flexible timings. The morale of an employee is directly related to his motivation level. If the employee feels  greatly motivated, his / her morale will be greatly boosted and this helps the organization to a great deal. Much of the employees would agree that flexible timings help to a great extent in retention of employees. Because employees would have the option of flexible timings, they tend to have a great  attachment level to the organization. They would not readily leave the organization. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS This study is about to cover a bright picture of flexible working for the employees. There are some pros and cons of flexible working hours, but any how the advantages are more than disadvantages. As full time flexibility leads to complexity in the organization which will lead to destruction and loss of the company, it can be mangeable for employees but May there is no control of work between them. As a consequence it leaves many of the employees within the organization feeling unhappy about their work, life and balance in both of them. It depends on the employer how they design jobs and recruit for retaining something. And these findings do not implement on IT sector as IT sector is facing a number of such things as challenges such as: Unauthentic evidence Need to move for a narrow commitment Need to tackle different things like attitudes and behaviours Align promotion and reward on the basis of full time basis or part time basis This research study easily suggests that IT sector no doubt IT sector had taken first steps on creating a role of flexible working but they still need to be ensure their future competitiveness and success. All which is required is vision and leadership to capitalize on the sectors unique opportunities. RECOMMENDATIONS According to my point of view there are different recommendations for flexible hours, some of them are stated below: Design appropriate flexible working options It means that designing such a flexible working which is convenient for employees as well as for employer, it up to the individual agreement and proper planning. Time and scheduled everything should be pre-planned. Organizations should clearly mentione tha what is suitable and not suitable for flexible working hours for individual roles. Support managers to carry out flexible work options for employees One of the biggest obstacle to modify may be the attitude and perception of middle managers and line mangers. Organization often undervalues the degree to which these groups may feel destabilized and threatened by the need to change working practices. In particular, successful managers, who have built a strong high-performing teams on the basis of usual full-time, face to face collaboration in the office, are likely to regard new forms of flexible work, particularly remote working, as both undermining the foundations of their teams success. So these mangers should provide their concerns for working differently and trained them as they begin to focus on managing employees by their output and results. Providing difficult careers with promotion opportunities for those wishing to work flexibly The shade of career death is probably one of the major single barrier to the wider adoption of flexible working practices. Employees working flexibly need to be granted full citizenship rights at work, in terms of access to training, promotion and progression opportunities. This shift in attitude and practice is the stick that holds work life balance cultures together. Without such stick, flexible working practices have a much more limited impact on the recruitment and maintenance of key ability.

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Homosexuality and the Media Essay

Homosexuality and the Media      Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many different aspects of life that Americans are exposed to on television each day. Some examples are things such as violence, sex and alcohol and in today's more accepting society, the issue of alternative lifestyles. This issue was not as predominant ten years ago as it is today. Yes, for many years there have been sexual undertones in many popular television shows or movies, but it was not until recently that these actors and actresses were actually said to be living an alternative lifestyle.    What exactly is an alternative lifestyle? According to Encarta's Online World Dictionary, "an alternative lifestyle is one of abnormal circumstances, a way of living adopted by people who reject the prevailing lifestyle, for example, because they consider it to be too materialistic, to dependent on technology or simply living outside of the basic ways of life"(Encarta Online World Dictionary). This term, alternative lifestyle, is one that is often used to describe people who engage in homosexual relationships. The true definition seems to fit, but today this lifestyle is not as out of the ordinary as it was in the past.    Many people think that homosexuality is an old trend that has been around since the beginning of time. In reality, homosexuality is still a relatively new idea in many cultures. This idea is also relatively new for the mass media and Hollywood. "In a hundred years of movies, homosexuality has only rarely been depicted on the screen. When it did appear, it was there as something to laugh at, to pity, or even something to fear. Hollywood, that great maker of myths, taught straight people what to think about gay people... and gay people what to think about... ...on 2). With this in mind Jacobson explains, "now that changes are finally being made in the way that people are raised, people will also be able to accept changes easier than they did in the past" (Jacobson 2). If this is the way that society actually operates then homosexuality should not be as hard to accept as it was in the past.    Works Cited Bantam Publishing. "Encarta Online World Dictionary." Issue 23, Vol. 43 page 121. Bishop, Alfred. "Homosexuality and Life." Dec. 5th 2001.   http:<www.seuxallife/lt.ctrl.article45/23-tglm_bish.htm> Encarta Publishing. Encarta Online World Dictionary. 1999  Ã‚   http:/</Encartaworld/dictionary/alternativelifestyle.ht/htm> Jacobson, Alexander. "Society and Our Lives." Stanford University. 1999 The Celluloide Closet. Dec. 3rd 2001.  Ã‚   http:<celluloidecloset.net.art-10_life/sex/23htm.>

The Afro-American Newspaper Goes to War :: United States History African American Essays

The Afro-American Newspaper Goes to War The Baltimore-based newspaper The Afro-American has been in existence since 1892 under the proprietorship of the Murphy family, and by the 1940’s had forged a place at the forefront of African-American journalism. The newspaper is still in business today and is online at www.afro.com. Founded by John Murphy, a former slave, the Afro-American has grown from a church weekly to one of the nations leading black newspapers. The newspaper has used it’s column inches to campaign for the civil rights of African-Americans throughout the 20th century, from opposing the persistence of racist â€Å"Jim Crow† laws in the South to defending eminent figures such as W.E. DuBois and Paul Robeson during the McCarthy-era anti-communism of the 1950’s.[1] During World War 2, when the U.S. military was still segregated along racial lines The Afro-American sent correspondents to cover the fighting alongside the various black American units that served in both the European and P acific theatres. These men and one woman were relaying to an audience of Maryland and Washington D.C. African Americans the roles fulfilled by black American troops, fighting in a segregated military abroad. The primary impact of black and white Americans serving together was to be felt socially in the post-war years. The Civil Rights movement that gained momentum in the 1950’s owed much to the fact that many people engaged in war work during the 1940’s, who in peacetime would never interact with one another on grounds of race, were challenged by their shared wartime experiences. â€Å"The common danger, the common foe and hardships of battle are bringing American troops closer together†¦Soldier after soldier has told me he can never be narrow-minded again after seeing such widespread human suffering.†[2] Ollie Stewart, correspondent for The Afro American, 1944 Compared with the quality of contemporary reports filed by â€Å"embedded† reporters in the 21st century US military, filtered by both the Pentagon and major media networks, some of the copy from the Afro correspondents is surprising given the circumstances under which it was filed. Despite the circumstances of war the reports filed by Afro correspondents used a number of means to convey the reality of service in a segregated military without alarming the wartime censors, and did so with deep insight, humour and graphic accounts of the full spectrum of roles fulfilled by black service personnel. The Correspondents. Correspondents for the Afro American.

Austrian School Cost Essay

Our behaviors and decisions in our daily lives are affected by economics. When making decisions, we will use economic theories either consciously or subconscious to decide if we will make or reject that decision. The same can also be used to explain our actions and behaviors when making an economic decision to purchase a house. This paper will evaluate how economics affect one’s decision to purchase a new house. First, the decision to purchase a new house is considered a large and important decision by many. This is because the prices of houses are usually very high, and thus purchasing a new house will greatly deplete the savings of an individual. The demand of houses is highly price elastic. Economic theories state that the larger the proportion of income a certain purchase requires, the more price elastic the demand will be. In the case of the purchase of a new house, it will require the spending of a large proportion of an average person’s income, hence this will greatly lower the purchasing power of the individual when the decision is made to purchase the house. Furthermore, buying a new house will require people to shift from a familiar environment to a less familiar environment and this can be a life-changing experience which may be scary to some. Hence, these are all factors which make the purchase of a new house a very difficult decision to make. There are various principles of economics that can be applied to a decision to purchase a new house. First, one of the principles will be that of trade-offs which people have to face. Every decision comes at a cost. In this case, the decision to purchase a new house will deplete people of a large proportion of their savings. The tradeoffs which they face will be alternatives which they get to enjoy with the same amount of money. For example, the same amount of money spent on a new house can be used on sending a child to university, going on a long holiday or purchasing a new vehicle. I have to remember even though the APR’s may be low and I have my down payment or even if I am using HUD as a first time buyer to eliminate closing cost or no fees at all there may still be one depending on my situation. Purchasing a new home is a big step not only the financial part of if but also the area I chose and the economy at this point and time. I must think ahead to how the economy will be now and later, as well as the housing area I chose. Will the neighborhood be a good choice for my kids, and will my house be a smart investment in terms of efficiency and equity? I need to determine if a recession will place my decision in purchasing a home the wrong time to buy. A recession could cause job lose and no income to pay my mortgage or even placing me in default to take out a loan on my home. Taking a loan on my home to make ends meet would cause me to pay double for my home and never actually own it. Tradeoffs are important when purchasing a new home because you have to be willing to give up miscellaneous items to get where u want to be, extra expenses are not a good idea when purchasing a new home.

Customer Satisfaction

snap off 1 client Satis accompanimention and Loyalty explanation of Consumer delight The felicity of guest is meeted as the commonplace netic at the be watch on marketing and the investigate as academician in view of the fact that the basal study of Cardozos (1965) on the driving force of nodes, their expectations and on with the cheer of them. In bitterness of pickings some attempts for measuring and explaining the gladness of node, in that location is not so frequently consensus conducting in relation to the description of the felicity of guest (Giese and Cote, 2000).The typical definition of node cheer give the sack be provided as the appraising(prenominal) judgment of post inlet in relation to the certain intersection point or assist (Gundersen, Heide and Olsson, 1996). It is considered as the resultant of the fulfil of evaluative consume which expectations of pre barter for ar contrasted with surgical process apprehension in the era of or after the attend of the use (Oliver, 1980). The c at a mpt of the at sensationment of the client is considered as the c at oncept as near astray recognized which is based on the scheme of expectancy disconfirmation (McQuitty, Finn and Wiley, 2000).Oliver authentic the possible action which proposes that the direct of contentment is considered as the resultant role of loss among the carrying out as judge and sensed. The particular of the gaiety put up be through with(p) when an physical composition provides develop harvest- snip or function than the expectation of the customers (Positive disconfirmation). In otherwisewise side, dis delight can be occurred time the worse performance is provided by the organization (Negative disconfirmation).It has been showed by studies that the results of line of credit can be wedge directly and indirectly through the ecstasy of customer. It has been think by Luo and fedora (2007) that the compulsiveness of t he business can be bear on by the rapture of customer validatoryly. The family among the embodiments of the behavior of the customer has been investigated by the substantially-nigh of the studies (Dimitriades, 2006 Olorunniwo et al. , 2006 Chi and Qu, 2008 Faullant et al. , 2008).In accordance with these retrie staings, the consignment of the customer can be enhance by the happiness of the customer along with this intentions of repurchasing be in addition squ ar upd by the triumph of customer which can be concluded with positive own(prenominal) effects a positive reciprocation of m asideh leads to the positive publicity. By enceinte the major consideration towards the satisfaction of customer, not surprisingly on that point atomic number 18 so many researches ready been done which argon devoted towards the satisfaction antigenic determinants investigation.The factors as ingrained and objective argon assisting to sink the satisfaction for example subjective f actors atomic number 18 the necessitate of customer, emotions etc.and the objective factors be the features of products and run. In action on the airlines industries, there has been occurred so many research studies through which attributes ar examined which ar found out by the rider as significant in relation to the satisfaction of customer. It has been found out by Atkinson (1988) that customer satisfaction can be countersinkd by decorous scheduling, security, look on for money and the module courtesy.It has been revealed by Knutson (1988) that scheduling, comfort, thingmabob of practiseds, prompt service, safety and security, stave devotion argon eng suppurated. It has been stated by Barsky and Labagh (1992) that passengers satisfaction can be influenced by the carriage of the employee, scheduling, goods security, landing on plan time etc. Akan (1995) conducted the study where it has been showed that airlines passengers satisfaction has the determinant of the p lys behavior, scheduling, timeliness, pricing of plainly the ticket, productiveness and performance, big-shouldered enumeration planning, etc.The conclusion has been drawn by Choi and Chu (2001) that the top factors of airline industries which can determine the satisfaction of the airline passenger be the lineament of the ply, schedule planning, determine, productivity, price of ticket etc. customer satisfaction and customer verity in Hilton Hotel In the past, tourism has been a good deal considered as the inbred issuance of environmental and cultural resources of a dissevericular(prenominal) territory. In this view, the role of cordial reception enterprises cannot influence withdraw levels and is merely limited to the put up of run to tourists.Le Blanc Nguyen (1996) suggest that marketing attacks should be say to highlight the environmental addressistics of the positioning in high society to attract bleak customers. The regular increase of demand of touri stic services, and the crave for higher(prenominal) standards by the guests, has enforced the competition among hospitality suppliers and highlighted how the attractivity of the touristic destination is influenced by the standards of the services provided by the local hotels.In this scenario, providing high eccentric services and improving customer satisfaction ar widely recognized as underlying factors boosting the performances of companies in the hotel and tourism patience (Barsky Labagh, 1992 Le Blanc, 1992, Le Blanc et al. , 1996 Stevens et al. , 1995, Opermann, 1998). Hotels with good service timberland in all in allow ultimately change their gainfulness (Oh Parks, 1997). In a warlike hospitality industry which offers homogeneous services, man-to-man hoteliers essential be up to(p) to requite costumers better then their counterparts (Choi Chou, 2001).To obtain committedness and to outstrip other competitors, hotel providers must be able to obtain high leve ls of customer satisfaction for the service supplied. There are several(prenominal) studies that analyze the postulate and the desires of tourists. A research by Wuest et al. (1996) defined the perception of hotel attributes as the degree to which guests whitethorn find dissimilar services and facilities critical for their stupefy in a hotel.Hotels attributes such as cleanliness, price, location, security, ain service, physical attractiveness, opportunities for relaxation, standard of services, good-hearted image, and reputation are recognized as fatal by travelers to assess the timbre of the hotel (Atkinsons, 1988 Ananth et al. , 1992 Barsky & Labagh, 1992 Cadotte & Turgeon, 1988 Knutson, 1988 McCleary et al. , 1993 Rivers et al. , 1991 Wilensky & Buttle, 1988). Part 2 incarnate polish shadeis defined in change cost by different theorists. A opulardefinitionis the one provided by Schein (1985 9) A pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a gi ven convention as it rents to cope with the problems of external renderingand intact integration that has relieve oneselfed well nice to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to in the buff members as the correct delegacy to perceive, think, and find out in relation to those problems. The termsorganisational growand incarnate acculturation are employ interchangeably in the literature to describe to the last pervading an organisation, be it a for-profitor a non-profit entity.Corporate close is invariably influenced by natural or regional cultures, or macro-cultures (Hampden-Turner 1994 12). The tension onindividualismin US corporations, the emphasis on in collectived determination makingin Japanese firms, and the age old burra sahib culture of British companies in colonial days are all reflections of the influence of macro-cultures on inembodiedd culture. Corporate culture is not only monumental or uniform throughout the organisation. deep down the ove rall culture, there are usually subcultures.For example,marketingand accounts personnel may puzzle different subcultures due to the differences in the reputationof their work andenvironment. The conflicts which sometimes develop among departments can be attributed to such differences. In a similar but broader vein there is a hotel culture, which in tour of duty takes a different hold when the corporate culture of the Hilton chain is compared to that ofSheraton. Similarly, airlines still select a different corporate culture that of TWA andcapital of Singaporeairlines are not the same.At planetary Hotel sort AGs, fulfilling the individual inevitably of a clearly defined come in congregation has been a proven chemical formula for mastery in the groups corporate philosophy for long years. Our hotels simply disclose themselves not only from to each one other but from those of the competition as well through their individual character and extra familiar architecture. Enthus iastic, qualified staff and overconfident fundamental interaction based on confederation are just as heavy to the international Hotel Group as the finish of our guests needs and the solution of individual, out of the ordinary problems.Each staff member in the business is responsible for actively realizing of these objectives seen as certificate of indebtedness in spite of appearance his/her sphere of influence. . We both require from and incite creativity in our staff in order to provide our guests with concepts that be Lindner character beyond expectations. In this respect, everyone is allowed to make mistakes, too, because we consider mistakes a chance to learn and mend the part of Lindner. Through believe in the capabilities of our staff and by guaranteeing their original and personal development, we strive a robust load and creative work.Together, we create values and buy the farm new goals. Transparency, comprehensive study and a regular exchange in the m idst of the staff members in our hotels support their come along qualification. We arrange our business in an honest, reliable, and somewhat way and our race with business partners is characterized by partnership, respect, and cooperation. It is with this world of integrity in partnerships that we achieve the standing(prenominal) development of our International Hotel Group.client Satisfaction1. Do right things and do it right beginning time. This Total pure tone guidance Principle mover that in work , one must be effective enough to do what is right. A person must produce quality work, not just an ordinary work that would affect an ordinary experience, but something that will cause you to be productive enough. Do the right things and do it the depression time reflects that a person is obliged to do what is right or just and once you do it, do it like youve never done it before. Do it like it is your first time to do such, why?Because once you do something like it was your first, youll give your one hundred and one percent of effort to it because you wanted an assurance of success. Example, your manager gave you a fox, he had leave aloneed you this project so you have to give your best efforts to it. What you have to do is give your best while youre doing it. This only proves that you deserve to have this project and soon your boss will entrust more projects to you and maybe give you a higher position for doing a great(p) job.2. Management by walking around. some other Total Quality Management dominion is management by walking around. For me this means continuous emendment on what youre doing plus respect and teamwork all throughout. Management is not just about universe the attractor and leading your subordinates but organism a good subordinate as well. Its best for a drawing card if he/she is excessively a good follower. As they say, a good leader is a good follower. When you learn to be a good leader you also learn how to pay respect to o thers. big respect is very much of the essence(p) in the industry.You cant enlistment long in your work if you wint give and take respect. Its like a mutual relationship that you have to develop in order to love your work. One must also have a strategic entree to improvement. One must not be settled and contented in macrocosm developed, because one must continue having productivity with his/her work. This will bring good effects in his/her work, because work is not just about going there cursory and doing the same old things because productivity and development will not surely go their way. guest SatisfactionWhether the buyer is agreeable after purchase depend on the offers performance inrelation to the buyer expectation. In planetary satisfaction is a persons feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products comprehend performance relation to his/her expectations. If the performance travel short of expectation, the customer is dissatisfied. If th e performance matches the expectationcustomer is satisfied. If the performance exceeds the expectation the customer ishighly satisfied.client satisfaction cannot be very difficult. After all you either satisfied with theservices you receive or you are not. If you dont you are not. If it is that easy, thenobtaining peoples opinion about how satisfied they are with relatively straightforward matter- or is it?. Customer satisfaction is a marketing cocksucker and a definite valueaddad benefit. It is often perceived by customers as important as the primary productor service your organisation offers.It looks at what is involved from 3 different angles, the first is from the view of anorganisation wishing to understand, and measures, how satisfied its customer are withthe products and services they receive from it. The min is from the perspective of aresearch agency that has been asked to obtain feedback from customers and abouttheir experiences when dealing with companies. Finally it c onsiders the issue from the perspective of consumers who act in surveys, including both businesscustomers and members of general public.Customer satisfaction is a business term, is a measure of how products and servicessupplied by a play along meet or surpass customer expectation. It is seen as a key performance indicator within business and part of the four prospective of balancedscore card. IN a competitive market place were businesses compete for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has create a key elementof business dodge customer satisfaction drives successful cliquish vault of heaven business.High performing businesses have developed principles and strategies for achievingcustomer satisfaction. This paper presents a manikin or set of ideas for usingcustomer satisfaction principles and strategies to improve the quality responsiveness,and possibility of public sector privately provided services in threatened communities. The framework suggested that resident who live in tough neighbourhoods can besupported through customer satisfaction strategies to become empowered individualsCustomer SatisfactionPart 1 Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty Definition of Consumer Satisfaction The satisfaction of customer is considered as the popular topic at the practice on marketing and the research as academic in view of the fact that the primary study of Cardozos (1965) on the effort of customers, their expectations and along with the satisfaction of them. In spite of taking many attempts for measuring and explaining the satisfaction of customer, there is not so much consensus conducting in relation to the definition of the satisfaction of customer (Giese and Cote, 2000).The typical definition of customer satisfaction can be provided as the evaluative judgment of post consumption in relation to the certain product or service (Gundersen, Heide and Olsson, 1996). It is considered as the outcome of the process of evaluativ e through which expectations of pre purchase are contrasted with performance perception in the time of or after the experience of the consumption (Oliver, 1980). The concept of the satisfaction of the customer is considered as the concept as most widely recognized which is based on the theory of expectancy disconfirmation (McQuitty, Finn and Wiley, 2000).Oliver developed the theory which proposes that the level of satisfaction is considered as the outcome of difference among the performance as expected and perceived. The occurrence of the satisfaction can be done when an organization provides better product or services than the expectation of the customers (Positive disconfirmation). In other side, dissatisfaction can be occurred while the worse performance is provided by the organization (Negative disconfirmation).It has been showed by studies that the results of business can be impacted directly and indirectly through the satisfaction of customer. It has been concluded by Luo and Homburg (2007) that the profitability of the business can be affected by the satisfaction of customer positively. The relationship among the patterns of the behavior of the customer has been investigated by the most of the studies (Dimitriades, 2006 Olorunniwo et al. , 2006 Chi and Qu, 2008 Faullant et al. , 2008).In accordance with these findings, the loyalty of the customer can be enhanced by the satisfaction of the customer along with this intentions of repurchasing are also influenced by the satisfaction of customer which can be concluded with positive effects a positive word of mouth leads to the positive publicity. By giving the major consideration towards the satisfaction of customer, not surprisingly there are so many researches have been done which are devoted towards the satisfaction determinants investigation.The factors as subjective and objective are assisting to determine the satisfaction for example subjective factors are the needs of customer, emotions etc and the ob jective factors are the features of products and services. In application on the airlines industries, there has been occurred so many research studies through which attributes are examined which are found out by the passenger as significant in relation to the satisfaction of customer. It has been found out by Atkinson (1988) that customer satisfaction can be determined by proper scheduling, security, value for money and the staff courtesy.It has been revealed by Knutson (1988) that scheduling, comfort, convenience of goods, prompt service, safety and security, staff friendliness are required. It has been stated by Barsky and Labagh (1992) that passengers satisfaction can be influenced by the attitude of the employee, scheduling, goods security, landing on scheduled time etc. Akan (1995) conducted the study where it has been showed that airlines passengers satisfaction has the determinant of the staffs behavior, scheduling, timeliness, pricing of ticket, productivity and performance, robust schedule planning, etc.The conclusion has been drawn by Choi and Chu (2001) that the top factors of airline industries which can determine the satisfaction of the airline passenger are the quality of the staff, schedule planning, values, productivity, price of ticket etc. Customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in Hilton Hotel In the past, tourism has been often considered as the natural outcome of environmental and cultural resources of a specific territory. In this view, the role of hospitality enterprises cannot influence demand levels and is merely limited to the supply of services to tourists.Le Blanc Nguyen (1996) suggest that marketing efforts should be directed to highlight the environmental characteristics of the location in order to attract new customers. The constant increase of demand of touristic services, and the request for higher standards by the guests, has enforced the competition among hospitality suppliers and highlighted how the attractivity of the t ouristic destination is influenced by the standards of the services provided by the local hotels.In this scenario, providing high quality services and improving customer satisfaction are widely recognized as fundamental factors boosting the performances of companies in the hotel and tourism industry (Barsky Labagh, 1992 Le Blanc, 1992, Le Blanc et al. , 1996 Stevens et al. , 1995, Opermann, 1998). Hotels with good service quality will ultimately improve their profitability (Oh Parks, 1997). In a competitive hospitality industry which offers homogeneous services, individual hoteliers must be able to satisfy costumers better then their counterparts (Choi Chou, 2001).To obtain loyalty and to outweigh other competitors, hotel providers must be able to obtain high levels of customer satisfaction for the service supplied. There are several studies that analyze the needs and the desires of tourists. A research by Wuest et al. (1996) defined the perception of hotel attributes as the degr ee to which guests may find various services and facilities critical for their stay in a hotel.Hotels attributes such as cleanliness, price, location, security, personal service, physical attractiveness, opportunities for relaxation, standard of services, appealing image, and reputation are recognized as decisive by travelers to assess the quality of the hotel (Atkinsons, 1988 Ananth et al. , 1992 Barsky & Labagh, 1992 Cadotte & Turgeon, 1988 Knutson, 1988 McCleary et al. , 1993 Rivers et al. , 1991 Wilensky & Buttle, 1988). Part 2 Corporate culture Cultureis defined in varying terms by different theorists. A opulardefinitionis the one provided by Schein (1985 9) A pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with the problems of externaladaptationand integral integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. The termsorganisational cultureand corporate culture are used interchangeably in the literature to refer to the culture pervading an organisation, be it a for-profitor a non-profit entity.Corporate culture is invariably influenced by natural or regional cultures, or macro-cultures (Hampden-Turner 1994 12). The emphasis onindividualismin US corporations, the emphasis on collectivedecision makingin Japanese firms, and the age old burra sahib culture of British companies in colonial days are all reflections of the influence of macro-cultures on corporate culture. Corporate culture is not entirely monolithic or uniform throughout the organisation. Within the overall culture, there are usually subcultures.For example,marketingand accounts personnel may have different subcultures due to the differences in thenatureof their work andenvironment. The conflicts which sometimes arise among departments can be attributed to such differences. In a similar but broader vein there is a hotel culture, which in turn takes a different hold when the corporate culture of the Hilton chain is compared to that ofSheraton. Similarly, airlines still have a different corporate culture that of TWA andSingaporeairlines are not the same.At International Hotel Group AGs, fulfilling the individual needs of a clearly defined target group has been a proven recipe for success in the groups corporate philosophy for long years. Our hotels precisely distinguish themselves not only from each other but from those of the competition as well through their individual character and impressive architecture. Enthusiastic, qualified staff and confident interaction based on partnership are just as important to the International Hotel Group as the fulfilment of our guests needs and the solution of individual, out of the ordinary problems.Each staff member in the business is responsible for actively realizing of these objectives seen as obligation within his/her sphere of influence. . We both require from and promote creativity in our staff in order to provide our guests with concepts that embody Lindner quality beyond expectations. In this respect, everyone is allowed to make mistakes, too, because we consider mistakes a chance to learn and improve the quality of Lindner. Through believing in the capabilities of our staff and by guaranteeing their creative and personal development, we achieve a strong commitment and creative work.Together, we create values and reach new goals. Transparency, comprehensive information and a regular exchange between the staff members in our hotels support their further qualification. We manage our business in an honest, reliable, and fair way and our relationship with business partners is characterized by partnership, respect, and cooperation. It is with this foundation of integrity in partnerships that we achieve the permanent development of our International Hotel Group.