Ddffdf

The death penalty SOURCE: WIKIPEDIA Capital punishment or the death penalty is a legal process whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The judicial decree that someone be punished in this manner is a death sentence, while the actual process of killing the person is an execution. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. The term capital originates from the Latin capitalis, literally â€Å"regarding the head† (referring to execution by beheading). 1] Capital punishment has, in the past, been practised by most societies (one notable exception being Kievan Rus);[2] currently 58 nations actively practise it, and 97 countries have abolished it (the remainder have not used it for 10 years or allow it only in exceptional circumstances such as wartime). [3] It is a matter of active controversy in various countries and states, and positions can vary within a single political ideology or cultural region. In the European Union member states, Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment. 4] Currently, Amnesty International considers most countries abolitionist. [5] The UN General Assembly has adopted, in 2007, 2008 and 2010, non-binding resolutions calling for a global moratorium on executions, with a view to eventual abolition. [6] Although many nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60% of the world's population live in countries where executions take place, such as the People's Republic of China, India, the United States of America and Indonesia, the four most-populous countries in the world, which continue to apply the death penalty (although in India, Indonesia and in many US states it is rarely employed).Each of these four nations voted against the General Assembly resolutions. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Contents [hide] 1 History 1. 1 Ancient history 1. 2 Ancient Tang China 1. 3 Middle Ages 1. 4 Mod ern era 1. 5 Contemporary era 2 Movements towards humane execution 3 Abolitionism 4 Contemporary use 4. 1 Global distribution 4. 2 Execution for drug-related offences 4. 3 Juvenile offenders 4. 3. 1 Iran 4. 3. 2 Somalia 4. 4 Methods 5 Controversy and debate 5. 1 Human rights 5. 2 Wrongful execution 5. 3 Retribution 5. 4 International views 6 Religious views 6. 1 Buddhism 6. 2 Christianity 6. 2. 1 Roman Catholic Church 6. 2. 2 Protestants 6. . 3 Mormonism 6. 3 Hinduism 6. 4 Islam 6. 5 Judaism 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links 10. 1 Opposing 10. 2 In favour 10. 3 Religious views History Execution of criminals and political opponents has been used by nearly all societies—both to punish crime and to suppress political dissent. In most places that practise capital punishment it is reserved for murder, espionage, treason, or as part of military justice. In some countries sexual crimes, such as rape, adultery, incest and sodomy, carry the death penalty, as do religious crimes such as apostasy in Islamic nations (the formal renunciation of the state religion).In many countries that use the death penalty, drug trafficking is also a capital offence. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption are punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offences such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny. [16] Anarchist Auguste Vaillant guillotined in France in 1894 The use of formal execution extends to the beginning of recorded history. Most historical records and various primitive tribal practices indicate that the death penalty was a part of their justice system.Communal punishment for wrongdoing generally included compensation by the wrongdoer, corporal punishment, shunning, banishment and execution. Usually, compensation and shunning were enough as a form of justice. [17] The response to crime committed by neighbouring tribes or communities included formal apology, compensation or blood feuds. A blood feud or vendetta occurs when arbitration between families or tribes fails or an arbitration system is non-existent. This form of justice was common before the emergence of an arbitration system based on state or organised religion. It may result from crime, land disputes or a code of honour. Acts of retaliation underscore the ability of the social collective to defend itself and demonstrate to enemies (as well as potential allies) that injury to property, rights, or the person will not go unpunished. â€Å"[18] However, in practice, it is often difficult to distinguish between a war of vendetta and one of conquest. Severe historical penalties include breaking wheel, boiling to death, flaying, slow slicing, disembowelment, crucifixion, impalement, crushing (including crushing by elephant), stoning, execution by burning, dismemberment, sawing, decapitation, scaphism, necklacing or blowing from a gun.The Christian Martyrs' Last Pray er, by Jean-Leon Gerome (1883). Roman Colosseum. Islam on the whole accepts capital punishment,[19] and the Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad, such as Al-Mu'tadid, were often cruel in their punishments. [20] Nevertheless, mercy is considered preferable in Islam,[citation needed], and in Sharia law the victim's family can choose to spare the life of the killer, which is not uncommon. citation needed] In the One Thousand and One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights, the fictional storyteller Sheherazade is portrayed as being the â€Å"voice of sanity and mercy†, with her philosophical position being generally opposed to punishment by death. She expresses this through several of her tales, including â€Å"The Merchant and the Jinni†, â€Å"The Fisherman and the Jinni†, â€Å"The Three Apples†, and â€Å"The Hunchback†. [21] The breaking wheel was used during the Middle Ages and was still in use into the 19th century. Ancient historyElaborations of tribal arbitration of feuds included peace settlements often done in a religious context and compensation system. Compensation was based on the principle of substitution which might include material (for example, cattle, slave) compensation, exchange of brides or grooms, or payment of the blood debt. Settlement rules could allow for animal blood to replace human blood, or transfers of property or blood money or in some case an offer of a person for execution. The person offered for execution did not have to be an original perpetrator of the crime because the system was based on tribes, not individuals.Blood feuds could be regulated at meetings, such as the Viking things. [22] Systems deriving from blood feuds may survive alongside more advanced legal systems or be given recognition by courts (for example, trial by combat). One of the more modern refinements of the blood feud is the duel. Giovanni Battista Bugatti, executioner of the Papal States between 1796 and 1865, carried out 516 exec utions (Bugatti pictured offering snuff to a condemned prisoner). Vatican City abolished its capital punishment statute in 1969. In certain parts of the world, nations in the form of ancient republics, monarchies or tribal oligarchies emerged.These nations were often united by common linguistic, religious or family ties. Moreover, expansion of these nations often occurred by conquest of neighbouring tribes or nations. Consequently, various classes of royalty, nobility, various commoners and slave emerged. Accordingly, the systems of tribal arbitration were submerged into a more unified system of justice which formalised the relation between the different â€Å"classes† rather than â€Å"tribes†. The earliest and most famous example is Code of Hammurabi which set the different punishment and compensation according to the different class/group of victims and perpetrators.The Torah (Jewish Law), also known as the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Christian Old Testa ment), lays down the death penalty for murder, kidnapping, magic, violation of the Sabbath, blasphemy, and a wide range of sexual crimes, although evidence suggests that actual executions were rare. [23] A further example comes from Ancient Greece, where the Athenian legal system was first written down by Draco in about 621 BC: the death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes, though Solon later repealed Draco's code and published new laws, retaining only Draco's homicide statutes. 24] The word draconian derives from Draco's laws. The Romans also used death penalty for a wide range of offenses. [25][26] Ancient Tang China Although many are executed in China each year in the present day, there was a time in Tang Dynasty China when the death penalty was abolished. [27] This was in the year 747, enacted by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (r. 712–756). When abolishing the death penalty Xuanzong ordered his officials to refer to the nearest regulation by analogy when sentencing those found guilty of crimes for which the prescribed punishment was execution.Thus depending on the severity of the crime a punishment of severe scourging with the thick rod or of exile to the remote Lingnan region might take the place of capital punishment. However the death penalty was restored only 12 years later in 759 in response to the An Lushan Rebellion. [28] At this time in China only the emperor had the authority to sentence criminals to execution. Under Xuanzong capital punishment was relatively infrequent, with only 24 executions in the year 730 and 58 executions in the year 736. [27]Ling Chi – execution by slow slicing – in Beijing around 1910. The two most common forms of execution in China in the Tang period were strangulation and decapitation, which were the prescribed methods of execution for 144 and 89 offences respectively. Strangulation was the prescribed sentence for lodging an accusation against one's parents or grandparents with a ma gistrate, scheming to kidnap a person and sell them into slavery and opening a coffin while desecrating a tomb. Decapitation was the method of execution prescribed for more serious crimes such as treason and sedition.Interestingly, and despite the great discomfort involved, most Chinese during the Tang preferred strangulation to decapitation, as a result of the traditional Chinese belief that the body is a gift from the parents and that it is therefore disrespectful to one's ancestors to die without returning one's body to the grave intact. Some further forms of capital punishment were practised in Tang China, of which the first two that follow at least were extralegal. The first of these was scourging to death with the thick rod which was common throughout the Tang especially in cases of gross corruption.The second was truncation, in which the convicted person was cut in two at the waist with a fodder knife and then left to bleed to death. [29] A further form of execution called Li ng Chi (slow slicing), or death by/of a thousand cuts, was used in China from the close of the Tang dynasty (around 900) to its abolition in 1905. When a minister of the fifth grade or above received a death sentence the emperor might grant him a special dispensation allowing him to commit suicide in lieu of execution.Even when this privilege was not granted, the law required that the condemned minister be provided with food and ale by his keepers and transported to the execution ground in a cart rather than having to walk there. Nearly all executions under the Tang took place in public as a warning to the population. The heads of the executed were displayed on poles or spears. When local authorities decapitated a convicted criminal, the head was boxed and sent to the capital as proof of identity and that the execution had taken place.In Tang China, when a person was sentenced to decapitation for rebellion or sedition, punishment was also imposed on their relatives, whether or not t he relatives were guilty of participation in the crime. In such cases fathers of the convicted under 79 years of age and sons aged over 15 were strangled. Sons under 15, daughters, mothers, wives, concubines, grandfathers, grandsons, brothers and sisters were enslaved and uncles and nephews were banished to the remotest reaches of the empire. Sometimes the tombs of the family's ancestors were levelled, the ancestors' coffins were destroyed and their bones scattered. 29] Middle Ages In medieval and early modern Europe, before the development of modern prison systems, the death penalty was also used as a generalised form of punishment. During the reign of Henry VIII, as many as 72,000 people are estimated to have been executed. [30] Despite its wide use, calls for reform were not unknown. The 12th century Sephardic legal scholar, Moses Maimonides, wrote, â€Å"It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent man to death. He argued that executing an accused criminal on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing burdens of proof, until we would be convicting merely â€Å"according to the judge's caprice. † Caprice of various sorts are more visible now with DNA testing, and digital computer searches and discovery requirements opening DA's files. Maimonides' concern was maintaining popular respect for law, and he saw errors of commission as much more threatening than errors of omission. [31]

Why We Write

Have you ever stopped in the middle of what you were doing and just asked yourself: â€Å"What am I doing?† This isn't a philosophical or existential question. While trying to write this essay, I find myself asking â€Å"What exactly am I doing?† The obvious answer would be writing, or struggling to. But as my mind, like an insatiably curious child, started asking an endless stream of â€Å"Whys† and â€Å"Hows† I became more aware of this act that seems to be taken for granted. Writing is so ingrained in our human society and our lives that we barely even notice it or care to think about its significance. Yet it would be almost impossible for us to live without it. That is because writing is a physical and visual representation of language; it is a form of communication. Writing is a practical necessity that allows us to connect with each other and share our thoughts, and it is also a means for cultural and artistic expression. Through writing we can pass down and communicate knowledge from one generation to the next, which is a fundamental factor in the progress of human society. How did it all start? Oral language developed tens of thousands of years ago when our early ancestors began living in communities and the need for coordination and communication arose. Written language, however, was created much later in the cradle of human civilization known as Mesopotamia. The existence of civilization entails the appearance of cities and long-distance trade, and finding a way to communicate over great distance became necessary for humans. As evidenced by discovered pieces of clay with pictographs on them, the traders and merchants of the city-states of Sumer discovered writing to coordinate their trade. As with oral language, written language may have developed out of a practical necessity, and has since proven to be useful and important in our human society. Even in our contemporary times we still use writing for pragmatic purposes when we want to communicate information to others. We have been doing it for the greater part of our lives, and even something as simple as texting a friend constitutes writing. Texting is an example which shows that through a visual manifestation of language we can communicate with others and overcome the limitations of time and space. But we don't communicate through writing for practical reasons alone. We also communicate to share the unique inner workings of our creativity. Literature is a prime example of that. It can reflect our innermost passions, ideas and values as well as those of a particular culture. Through literature, writing is intricately woven into our lives as a form of personal, artistic and cultural expression which has the capacity to change and influence society. We read and analyze written works created hundreds of years ago to observe the impact that they've had on societies of different times and places. Take for example the writings of the ancient Greek poet Homer, the author of the now classic epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey. It does not take an in-depth literary analysis to understand that the cultural values of the ancient Greeks were high reverence to their gods and the divine laws. In both works it is repeatedly shown what befalls those who disrespect and disobey any of the gods. For instance, when King Agamemnon refuses to release the captured Chrysies, the daughter of a priest of Apollo, the sun god descends from Mount Olympus to rain pestilence on the Greek army. It is thanks to writing that these epic poems, formerly passed down through oral tradition, have reached us and allowed us to better understand the society and values of the ancient Greek civilization. However, there is no rule that an author's writing should necessarily reflect their culture. There are works of writing that are the personal expression of the author and can serve as critiques of the current societal values and as innovations in literature. Many writers are actually pioneers in this sense, inventing new genres or challenging the status quo. Mary Shelley, at just 19 years of age, had created one of the world's first science fiction novels, Frankenstein, and pioneered a genre. Emily Brontà «, on the other hand, challenged the social norms of her time with Wuthering Heights. These examples illustrate that writing is not only a means of cultural or self-expression but an act of constant innovation. The authors' works do not only show the beliefs of their society during those times, but also criticize those beliefs and serve as a push during the transition between time periods. And even today these are relevant and popular works of art which allow us to analyze the values and norms of the past and to see how the ideas of these writers have influenced and changed our world. These cultural and personal expressions have withstood the test of time and reached all the way to our present day world. It is thanks to the development of writing that we now have a practical way to communicate our thoughts and our creative ideas to each other. And as we saw with the literary examples, communication through writing transcends the boundaries of space and time. Innovations and discoveries that were made hundreds of years ago and far away from us are now within our reach because writing has been an essential factor in the preservation and communication of human knowledge over the centuries. Writing has been crucial for the accumulation and innovation of human knowledge. By preserving and communicating information over the generations we learn from the discoveries and inventions made in the past and strive to improve upon them to better our world and future. We enjoy the luxuries of today thanks to the pioneering and innovating work of the great minds that came before us. Our world is shaped by the ideas and discoveries of the past which are woven into our society thanks to the development of writing. As I draw to the end of this essay, I find writing even more fascinating than ever before. In essence, writing is like a river that carries human experience, knowledge and wisdom forward in time, but it also allows us to look back to our past. Thanks to it we have experienced and learned about ideas, sciences and arts which have existed hundreds of years ago and far away from us. Writing has allowed us to express ourselves and share our beliefs about the world. It has given us the opportunity to gaze upon the reflection of our world, and to strive to make it better than what it was. Right now we stand in the middle of a vast infinity. What the generations of the future will learn about us and our legacy will greatly depend on our writing now.

Imaginative: Context Justice

Individuals will go to extraordinary lengths?even fight against an entire, community ?in order to seek Justice. Dearest Scout, I know that as I write this, you are much too young to understand the events that are happening around us which will affect you one day. I hope that as you read this five, ten, or even fifteen years in the future, you can understand my motives behind what I have done. Our family name has come under great scrutiny because I took on a case that I feel I was called to do by our Lord himself. I was approached to defend TomRobinson against claims that he had committed unlawful acts on a young girl he lived near. I knew from the moment I accept this case that I would not win. A colored man on trial for a crime such as rape Is never going to win. Just talking to someone of color Is considered a terrible act In today's society. You are Intelligent enough to realism how the Finch family Is considered now that I have fought long and hard for Tom. During the trial, I di d not want you or your brother In the town because I knew what the townsfolk would whisper or gossip about as you walked by In your own innocent, imaginative state in which I admire every day.They whisper terrible things about me, that I love Negroes and don't appreciate the responsibility and ‘privileged' life I have because of my skin color. Scout, you are the brightest young lady I will ever know, and I pray that you, too, realism that just because someone has dark colored skin, doesn't make them a terrible person. Everyone deserves the right for justice – regardless of their gender, age, status or skin color. The accepted notion of society in South Alabama is that blacks do not have the same rights as white, and hat a black man's testimony in court is not as credible as that of a white man.I attempted, in the courtroom, to go against the accepted views of society by putting Tom Robinson on the stand and offered his testimony in direct conflict with that of the white so-called victim. This was seen as a disgusting act against the American justice system. However, sometimes, all a case needs is one person to put their hand up for someone in order to turn their life around. That one person could, potentially, change the outcome of someone's life.You must be careful though, Scout, because if the wrong person is put in charge, he can take severe advantage of people and ruin society- Just like in that book you loved when I read to you, ‘Animal Farm'. When the animals put all of their trust and hope in the hands of Napoleon, he does them wrong and manipulates them to see the wrong In others so his wrongs are hidden. I hope, and I pray, that you will see that I am not a terrible person for doing what the community think is a wrong' against our family. Society Is very similar to Napoleon.It often highlights the flaws in others In order to hide and defend Itself. I have bought you up so you won't Just take on any pollen. You are highly opinionated and aren't easily pressured into thinking or doing something you do not agree with. May you always have this opinion, as I don't think that others will In times to come. Sometimes one has to go against the normality In society to unsure that Justice Is seen for everyone. I have had to do this, and I hope that you do too, as It Is one of the bravest acts one could do for another. I love you, Scout. CICS.

Team paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team - Research Paper Example One of the technological risks associated with Coca-Cola Company (which is a global business) is in terms of the cost. This is the cost of installing the new technology like internet cables. This is a concern especially in most third world countries where internet connectivity has not reached or people there do not know how to use it. This therefore means that the company has to incur extra cost in training the local staff (who are usually the majority) and also costs of installing the internet connectivity cables. The costs may be too high and this poses a risk to the company of having less than expected profits or taking too long to reach the targeted profit and meet the goals (Bouchet et al. 2003). The other technological risk is job displacement. This is common nowadays with the increase in technological inventions that employ the use of machines and not human beings. The machines like for cleaning bottles and packaging carry out the work that previously was being carried out by hundreds of workers. This therefore means that the workers will have to let off and only few to operate the machines will be required. The risks is in terms of the company being sued for terminating people’s contracts which may cause the company millions in damages hence the company ends up running a losing business or has to shift to another country which is still expensive (Bouchet et al. 2003). The introduction of internet in the company has exposed the country to risks of hacking of their systems. Technology has seen the rise in hackers who target the finance and management sectors and hence expose the company’s management and financials. The hackers may be employed by rival competitors or may just want to expose the company’s dealings. Some of these hackers steal money from the company and hence poses a risk to the business. All these risks that are brought about by technology make it hard for it to enforce some new

Water and Its Importance in Broward Countys Environment Term Paper

Water and Its Importance in Broward Countys Environment - Term Paper Example Pollutants taken by this run-off can be released into pathways, ponds, and other systems water with negative ecological effects. In Broward Nation, a major resource of stormwater contamination is scenery run-off. The plant foods, weed killers, and bug sprays we use to keep our lawns looking their best can actually end up doing more damage than good. When it downpours, these pollutants along with other contaminants like fuel and oil can run off from our qualities and into our local storage areas, pathways, and larger systems water like the Everglades and Seaside Ocean. Flower foods, in particular, can cause some serious issues for our water resources. Flower foods promote the development of plankton and marine fresh mushrooms because they contain high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, two nutritional values that encourage plant development. The out of control development of plankton and unwanted marine vegetation (like hydrilla and cattails) and Water hyacinth damages our ocean often . Once fertilizers get into our waterways, they can cause the rapid development of plankton. Algal biomass atmosphere the water and blocks sunshine, causing stress to marine vegetation. When that vegetation passes away, it sinks to the bottom and is decomposed by parasites. As the parasites feed off the vegetation, it reduces oxygen from the water that seafood and other creatures need to live, and can outcome in large seafood destroys. Plant biomass can also cram pathways, reducing discharge. This often results in the need for chemical treatment, which is not only costly but also plays a role in the contamination of our water.   Excess fertilizers in our water can also cause changes in established surroundings. For instance, cattails can grow so heavy that they press out all local vegetation, allowing exotic and obtrusive vegetation to take hold. This can limit looking by creatures and eventually cause local varieties to seek other places for the environment.

Quality and Environmental Management Report Essay

Quality and Environmental Management Report - Essay Example The philosophy regards the processes to be problematic in general and not the employees. Customer satisfaction being the top aim in a quality management system, good leadership and power delegation at different employee levels for increased participation and teamwork. To achieve total quality management, processes and tools must be integrated with each other and the system itself to be recursively controlled by quality assurance check. Inspite of developing quality control methodologies, many European and American companies have not been able to attain much benefit from them. This is mostly because of lack of insight in implementation and mismatches between processes and problems. This means quality management should be treated as a due process with careful choosing of tools. There is a number of quality assurance tools that can be deployed to support a good quality management system for the house manufacturing company. Since the company is producing prefinished products to support t he on site construction, it is essential that the prefinished components are of good quality as evident by the problem occurring for the company. The basic tools to be deployed for the prefinished products range from production floor to advanced technologies and methods including ISO 9001, total quality management and Six sigma method. Seeing that the company already has a production floor as shown in the brief, it can be improved by adapting to Lean manufacturing in addition to these can help the company reduce the costs as well as increase the quality of their products by eliminating any processes and methods that are not useful for the finished product and customer demand. This will be a sure way to save space in the allocated workshops, clean up the processes and have only the customer oriented processes running. With the continuous improvement from total quality management and statistical controls of the Six sigma method, the defects in the prefabrications should be eliminated. As far as the actual causes of the defects occurring in the products are well handled and eliminated, the finished houses will be of good quality. 2. Plan and describe an appropriate ISO 9001 compliant Quality Management System (QMS), which the organization could employ to improve their quality problems. By meeting unique customer requirements and avoiding non-conformities ISO 9001 can help the company achieve full customer satisfaction (Cianfrani & West 2009). To comply with the industrial standards ISO quality standard improves internal operations and also covers the design research and development. Since the company’s construction is tied to the production of the prefinished products, a holistic approach is the best way to proceed. An appropriate quality management system to comply with a comprehensive set of standards to ensure quality for the customers would be to set up an appropriate organization structure for the company (Case Management Advisor 2004). An appropriate organization structure is a basic set of compliant quality management system that ISO 9001 gives. The organization should start from the top of the organization structure to improve the processes by fixing the processes management structure. The top management should be given clear policies to fully communicate the required products and customer requirem

Economic Growth and Environmental Conservation in Developing Essay

Economic Growth and Environmental Conservation in Developing Countries, Case of China - Essay Example This paper outlines the advantages of the sustainable development of the developing countries, compared with other models of economic development. The term â€Å"sustainable development† means the ability of the present generation to meet their consumption needs without sacrificing the ability of the future generations to consume at least at the present level. The debates of the scholars with respect to economic growth have taken three approaches. Some believe that to achieve the high rate of growth natural resources are required by higher amounts. Therefore it is necessary to reach a steady state before environment can be preserved properly. Some differs that a high economic growth leads to more demand for less resource utilizing goods and services. Therefore it automatically translates into better environment conservation. There is a third argument between economic growth and environmental conservation given by the U shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve. It gives the policy of attaining high economic growth at the cost of environment in the initial phase of development. Then take control of the environmental degradation at a later stage. Then pollution comes down with economic growth. In China, the course of development had caused a lot of environmental degradation. The economic reforms undertaken by Deng Xiaoping, prominent politician of China had more balanced environmental risks. However it can be said that China in its course of development seldom considered the environmental hazards till 1980. Even in Taiwan where the economic progress had been less rapid through industrialization had undergone considerable amount environmental destruction. However in the recent decades there has been a remarkable transformation in the attitude of the Chinese policy-makers and civil society towards environmental conservation. The government had undertaken several policy measures to control the pollution from heavy growth of industries and reduce the environmental degradation. However the consciousness towards environmental exploitation for economic growth is less among the Chinese people than the Taiwanese people. More Chinese people are in favor of rapid economic growth at the cost of environment. The Taiwanese on the other hand are ready to adopt policy measures to preserve the environment at the cost of economic growth. They are ready to achieve sustainable development even if they have to have a less economic growth in the present.(McBeath, Leng, 220-2221) However China has undertaken a significant number of policy measures in various directions of environment conservation including preserving their biodiversity, reducing pollution and wastage. Economic Growth and Environmental Concern: China China has achieved a very high growth rate in the few last few years. Forecasts predict that such high rate of growth shall continue into the future. However the problem with attaining this high rate of economic growth in China is their large population but low endowment of natural resources. In their journey towards urbanization and development of infrastructure for further restructuration of the economy, they face close scrutiny from the local as well as global environmentalists. In the face of such close observation, the Chinese government had undertaken wide range of policy measures in the past and set their goals in reducing the pollution and wastage in their country without compromising their economic growth. Some of these goals were maintaining a 7% rate of growth an d at the same time reduce the discharge of pollutants by one tenth from 2000 to

Compare and contrast analysis paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare and contrast analysis - Term Paper Example These three articles present three different cultural settings each with a particular cultural background ranging from human relations to animals and objects culture. Geertz (2005) "Notes on the Balinese cockfight", the author presents a community deeply rooted cultural observance despite the educational purpose of the cockfight function. As a way of raising school fees a role that government should have undertaken, this closely-knitted community comes together through a cultural event. In this article, symbolic interactionism theory plays out quite well. The community is united, and as theory suggests, they should be understood at their social level. In addition, ethnographic communication of the community need for school is clear. Through a cultural cockfight, the community communicates the social philosophy called verstehen that emphasizes on understanding the event from participants point of view (Geertz 2005). Certainly, Geertz knowledge on social theories in practice was put to test. In addition, the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) significantly applies to the cultural event. As this social theory suggests, the objects and animals use ought to be understood as part of the community communication and social network. Unlike Phillipsen and Hernandez articles, this article focuses on a cultural communicative ritual that is viewed noble and undertaken to pass crucial message. Besides, the article by Fordham Hernandez " A white Mothers muse" brings into light intercultural interaction theories. Certainly, a Mexican raising American-Mexican children present a sociological challenge. According to the social construction theory, the philosophy of typification bedevils the character of this article. As a product of a different culture in a totally new environment with a varied background of the children, she is prone to create cultural standards. However, the challenge of ethnocentrism would not allow the children to adopt their mothers culture. Perhaps,

Business Lawl Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Lawl - Case Study Example When one of the parties failed to perform his or her obligation in a valid contract where he or she freely entered, he or she can be held liable for breach of contract. Breach of contract is an actionable tort and the party at fault can be held liable for the payment of damages for the loss suffered by the plaintiff. There are mainly two kinds of losses: actual and nominal. Actual losses are those that can be established by computation or estimation. Even if there is no actual loss, the claimant can still be entitled to nominal loss with the fact that a breach was made. The claimant should prove the losses suffered by him or her through presentation of evidences or documents because of the legal maxim that "he who asserts must prove". In this case, Jettison could only be liable for the actual loss suffered by the lessor when it breached the contract. The actual loss is $12,000, which is the expected amount of the lease payments for the remainder of the contract which is one (1) more year. An employment contract must also contain the essential requisites of an ordinary contract to be legally binding. ... Failure to assent within the prescribed period is a rejection of the contract, thus, no contract is formed. In this case, the employment contract is not yet legally binding since Sara did not yet give her assent to it. She has seven (7) days more to accept, reject or make a counter-offer. If Sara did not act on the contract, or if the contract was rejected or a counter-offer was made but the company did not agree, the contract is automatically extinguished and has no legal effect at all. The non-compete clause restricts an employee from sharing or utilizing the trade secrets or other information of the company he or she had worked within a certain period. It can be made a provision of an employment contract and the validity of the restrictive period will rest upon the discretion of the court. The case of Double Click v. Henderson decided by the New York Supreme Court states the rationale behind the acceptance of a non-compete clause as part of a contract or an agreement. Answer to Situation No. 4: Slip and Fall Accident When a person slipped or fell on a property and caused him or her injury, the owner/possessor of the property can be held liable for torts or damages under the premises liability rule. Under this rule, the owner or possessor of the property where the slipping or falling accident happened can be held liable for the injuries sustained by the visitor (invitee, licensee, or trespasser) if: 1) the possessor knew or should have known of the condition, should have realized that it involved an unreasonable risk of harm to the visitor, and should have expected that the visitor would not discover or realize the danger; 2) The owner/possessor failed to exercise reasonable care to make the condition safe, or to warn the visitor of the condition and the

Financial Markets & institutions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Markets & institutions - Assignment Example (LurÊ ¹e 15) Example; 100.00 Euros are provided by a company for a period of one year at rate of 3 per cent. At the end of the year it expects to receive 1030.00 Euros. However, the bank supposes 10 per cent rate inflation in the next year it will want 1133.00 Euros. The interest rate expected by the bank will sum up to 13.3 per cent. Treasury Bill (T-Bill) are simple market securities issued by the government. T-Bills are short-term securities used by the government to collect money from the public. In purchasing of T-Bills, the holder will pay a price that is less than the face or par value of it. (Kawai 16) T-Bills mature after three months, half a year or after a year of issuance. The government will then pay the holder the full face value. T-Bill provides guarantee and safety returns because it has full back and faith of the government. Investors lending money to the government get their money back with interest. Limited access is one of the drawbacks of T-Bills. Investors who need to withdraw their money before the maturity dates are reached have to pay a penalty. T-Bills have little returns because of lees maturity period mostly not more than one-year thus low amount of interest. (Kawai 21) The banks or credit unions issue certificates of deposit (CDs) to holders who have deposited funds to the bank. CDs limit the holders from withdrawing the funds when in need of cash until a set period of time elapses. When one has to withdraw fund from the bank a penalty is incurred. CDs are secured form of investments and they offer high amount of returns. CDs are not prone to risk, pensions and instability. Disadvantages of certificate of Deposits are that they require a high amount of initial capital than that for saving account. Investors obtain little returns from CDs thus a drawback. Companies create corporate bonds by giving debts with the aim of raising capital. Bond provide fixed amount of income and

No Ordinary Sun and to Sea Essay Example for Free

No Ordinary Sun and to Sea Essay In The Sea, to the Mountain, to the River the use of simile establishes the perspective of the readers about the workmen, Tuwhare leads the readers to see them as despicable- destroying our environment for the sake of progress. Then, he uses personification for the same effect. The readers empathize with the environment and consider the sea, the mountain and the river as people like them who has feelings. By doing this, Tuwhare appeals at the readers emotions, making them see how terrible t is to destroy the environment. While in the first poem, Tuwhare appeals to readers by encouraging them to feel what the nature is feeling, in No Ordinary Sun imagery is used to show the effects of a man-made weapon, atomic bomb and make them realize what would happen to them and the environment. Tuwhare used adjective to create images in the minds of the readers. [G]allant monsoon flash and dashing trade winds blast are old- fashioned, positive sounding words that Tuwhare used to describe the monsoon and he wind. He wants the readers to know that compared to the bomb, these two are almost benign, almost nothing. Another example of imagery was in the last stanza: shadowless mountains, White plains and drab sea floor. This creates an image of a lifeless planet. Tuwhare is telling the readers, this is what happens. Everything will be destroyed- our lives, nature- all because we seek power and progress. Tuwhare also used symbolism to help people understand how devastating an atomic bomb can be. He explored the irony of the comparison to show the big difference between our sun and the not ordinary sun. Our sun gives us life, energy and warmth. We need it to live. The other sun, the one mentioned in the poem, is a monstrous sun. It kills people and annihilates the environment. By calling it monstrous, Tuwhare is implying that this sun is an unacceptable product of a merger between nature and man. Thus, what we created for power will destroy us. Also, by using sun as a symbol for atomic bomb, the readers are more affected as the sun is irectly related to our everyday lives. In this poem, Tuwhare made it clear how much we are affected when our environment is destroyed. We cannot live alone in this planet. Our hunger for power and progress blind us and we need to stop. Both poems used fgurative language to engage the readers and to show the effects of our actions. Tuwhares message is very important as in todays society, especially in New Zealand, destruction of environment for the sake of progress is not uncommon. Earlier on March, news of national parks becoming mining grounds sparked protest from all over the country. The government believes that this will help New Zealands economy prosper. But are we really going to forsake the environment for the sake of progress? Also, North Koreas nuclear testing hasnt stopped. To further their power, the government of Korea ignores the devastating effects of nuclear bombs. Tuwhares poems The Sea, to the Mountain, to the River and No Ordinary Sun urges us to open our eyes and stop destroying our environment.

Information Systems Technology Essay Example for Free

Information Systems Technology Essay Computer engineers are responsible for analyzing, designing and building software applications in an IT firm concerned with developing application software’s for various businesses. Once the primary analysis is done by the system analyst the coding phase is prepared by the software engineers where they have enough programming experience to bring the design model into a running system. They are responsible to get the logical design in paper to implement into a physical working system. They use their programming ability to design the business modules. They are usually concerned with the development of the system and taking care of the user interfaces, business rules implementation and the design methodologies which are required by any business employing information systems. They are also responsible for selecting the right programming tool for designing the user interface and enveloping the functionalities of the concerned tool in framing the business policies. Role of software tester: Software testers work in collaboration with the software engineers to eliminate the bugs in the software. They are primarily concerned with testing the software for checking the software for fulfilling the requirements and checking whether the software runs successfully with the requirements fulfilled. This is mainly concerned with validation and verification of the software. They prepare test cases to test the software for boundary checks, limit checks, data type checks, calculations of business processes and many others. They create and maintain reports to keep track of the systems reports and account of the defects which are found in the process. The classification of the defects is the next step. The defects are either corrected by the software tester or are forwarded to the software engineers to be corrected and submit again for errors. They are usually concerned with elimination of anomalies which are quite a hindrance in the business environment and pose a great threat to data and security. References /Bibliography See: http://getaccess. westone. wa. gov. au/careers/ profiles/data/OCC247. asp See: http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos267. htm

The Importance of Being Earnest and Dr. Faustus | Comparison

The Importance of Being Earnest and Dr. Faustus | Comparison Deception and hypocrisy remained a challenge to social morality since ages and every great writer has taken into consideration this socio-ethical dilemma in his works and has depicted its various manifestations at various levels. Dr. Faustus by Christopher Marlowe and The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde depict various manifestations of deceptions and hypocrisy i.e. self-deception by denial of realities, trickery to others, and self-consideration through various thematic expressions. Main characters in both plays suffer from moral illusions at one level and their unique characteristics make it easier for them to hide behind the mask of trickery and hypocrisy at another level. The most subtle form of deception is self-deception and protagonists of both plays suffer from acute self-deception by denying realities around or within them. Faustus seems to be obsessed with his own intelligence and this tragic flaw laps over with his pride and leads him toward self-deception. Dr. Faustus unlimited passion for absolute knowledge set an impetus toward hypocrisy and self-deception that ends with his tragic downfall. As a perfect epitome of renaissance man, he hankers after excessive power and considers knowledge as the only instrument available to him to get absolute power. His overambitious quest for knowledge forces him to make a deal with Satan. This deal refers to an intellectual myopic illusion, a form of acute self-deception, as he believes that a devilish character, who himself does not have absolute knowledge, will capacitate him with absolute knowledge. In Wildes play, despite the fact that both Jack and Algernon are Bunburyists, but at certain points in th e play, Wilde shows denial of this reality by these protagonists regarding the issue of homosexuality. They deny the fact and feel for heterosexuality. Algernon is entirely pleased to be a homosexual whereas Jack feels disgusting about it. Algernon says in this regard; Nothing will induce me to part with Bunbury, and if you ever get married, which seems to me extremely problematic, you will be very glad to know Bunbury. A man who marries without knowing Bunbury has a very tedious time of it. (Wilde, 1990, p. 7) Jack oppositely says; That is nonsense. If I marry a charming girl like Gwendolen, and she is the only girl I ever saw in my life that I would marry, I certainly wont want to know Bunbury. (Wilde, 1990, p.7) But his transformation is not known completely in the play. So he essentially remains a Banbury but denies this fact apparently. Furthermore, Jack creates an imaginary figure to escape from social liabilities and moral obligation. So Faustus in Dr. Faustus and Jack and Al gernon in The Importance of Being Earnest are unable to recognize and accept realities around and within them in the right perspective. Hypocrisy is another form of deception that these two plays incorporate in the plot as a thematic expression and manifest through misleading practices and fraudulencies of certain characters. Algernon, the major character in The Importance of Being Earnest elaborates this terminology of Bunburying as a sophisticated deception exercise that permit to conceal ones original personality and indulge in activities which society does not allow. Wilde has beautifully shown the subtle fraudulencies and trickeries of Ernest. Cecily Cardew assumes about Ernest that Ernest has a strong upright nature. He is the very soul of truth and honor. Disloyalty would be as impossible to him as deception. (Wilde, 1990, p. 36) So she negates any blemish of foul play about him. Jack not only lies about his name being Earnest but when inquired by Algernon about an inscription on his cigarette case from Cecily, he falsely claims she is his aunt before finally admitting that he is guardian to his adopted father s granddaughter. This leaves the reader to wonder if anything about Jacks or Earnests life is real at all, perhaps he has been lying for so long that he doesnt even know what the real truth is. Thats the reason that Cecily says in the end, A gross deception has been practiced on both of us.(Wilde, 1990, p. 39) Marlowe points out the religious hypocrisy by the deceitful practices of church members. When Faustus visits Pope for guidance and advice but finds his men raucous and hypocrite, he satirizes them for on their petty rituals and hypocritical practices. He says; How! Bell, book, and candle; candle book and bell, / Forward and backward, to curse Faustus to hell (Marlowe, 1990, p.44). But Marlowe also reveals that though Faustus castigates church men for their double standards, he himself is indulged in hypocrisy. His underlying objective to get more knowledge is different from what he propagates to others. He does not want to be a petty magician and his designs are grand and dang erous. So he acquires his knowledge by mere hypocrisy. Mephistopheles and Lucifer also deceive Faustus through their hypocritical practices. In Scene 5, Mephistopheles informs Faustus that after signing the pact with Lucifer he will be as great as Lucifer (Marlowe, 1990, p. 19) and his every desire will be fulfilled. But after signing the contract with his own blood, none of these promises come true. So Faustus is trapped to sign the contract by false promises that are a manifestation of hypocrisy on part of Mephistopheles and Lucifer. Third level of deception that Marlowe and Wilde take into account is self-love and self-consideration. Narcissm is considered a chief deception that hampers one attitude to look around and search for the best. Jack in Importance of Being Ernest, only has himself in mind when he claims to be Earnest, and goes to call on Cecily, In fact, now you mention the subject, I have been very bad in my own small way. (Wilde, 1990, p. 24). The tragedy of Faustus solely arises out of his self-centeredness and self-consideration. It was his love for his own self that compels him to acquire absolute knowledge in order to become eternal and the most powerful man on earth. This self-love is further augmented by his pride and arrogance. Diluted by this self-love, a great man as Faustus challenges the natural orders of things and this self-love finally brings his tragic downfall. Above-mentioned arguments and textual evidence from the plays clearly demonstrate that deception works through various means in these plays. These various forms and levels deception are illustrated effectively through characterisation and development of plot. Both Marlowe and Wilde have effectively used various thematic expressions of deceptions to bring out the moral illusions of characters and their weaknesses. References Marlowe, C., Dyce, A. (1990s). Dr. Faustus. [Montana]: Kessinger Publishing. Wilde, O. (1990). The importance of being earnest. New York: Dover Publications.

Discuss the way in which the following passage presents Paddy Clarkes :: English Literature

Discuss the way in which the following passage presents Paddy Clarke's response to the world in which he is growing up. How characterists of the whole novel are the techniques that Roddy Doyle employs in the passage? Throughout this passage, p53 - p55, you can identify that the author, Roddy Doyle uses several techniques in which to show how the world is developing around the young ten year old Paddy Clarke and how he responds to these changes. Doyle does this in numerous ways, initially and most importantly by what the young boy talks about. On page 53, the paragraph beginning with, 'Snails and Slugsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦' you can identify that Paddy Clarke is very young, you can easily distinguish this because of the topics he mentions and how he introduces them. This is evident in the opening paragraph. In this section he manages to talk about at least three dissimilar topics, this indicates that he cannot structure his speech probably. Doyle does this incredibly well because you can see that he is trying to state as many things as possible, signifying that he is still a young boy and maybe quite confused because of the events that are taking place around him, for instance the separation of his father and mother. So overall the opening paragraph is quite chaotic, for this to occur Doyle introduce several non - secquiters, meaning, when you go off at a tangent. 'Picked him up with a towel and gave him a decent burial. The real name for soccer was association football'. This takes place throughout. Secondly the topics he talks about are quite normal for a ten-year-old boy, they are almost quite simple subjects, slugs, football and Indians are all mentioned immediately. This is a very good technique implied by Doyle because it just shows how young he is. Doyle does is very effectively and he manages to keep this going throughout the novel, for instance when the lady farted, quite simple subjects that keep Paddy amused. Doyle's use of language is also extremely effective, it again indicates, how young the boy is and how he may seem quite confused following the events that are circulating his life. Overall the language is quite simple; 'a sad old woman' phrases like this emphasize that, but in some circumstances the language does become more structured, 'he was riding hunched down sideways on his horse so that others couldn't fire their arrows at him'. For a ten year old, this is quite a complex sentence; this may indicate that he could be rather serious and even sad because of his parents divorce. In my opinion I believe he likes to occupy himself in-order not to think

Favoritism And The Powers Of The Gods :: essays research papers

Favoritism and the Powers of the Gods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In ancient times, people believed that their lives would be significantly better off if the gods favored them. In the Aeneid, gods were battling with each other over who would control fate. Even the Bible shows us incidences of favoritism. In a society where everything is governed by the gods, the favor of a god bestowed upon a person was extremely important. In the sources, The Aeneid and The Bible, favoritism and the powers of the gods play crucial roles in determining the outcome of the stories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While reading the Bible, one cannot help but notice the obvious cases of favoritism. In the story of Cain and Abel, the Lord God is portrayed as a supreme being, who demands that the highest respect be paid to Him. In receiving offerings from Cain and Abel, God expects that they would bring Him only the best they could give. He took it for granted that each of the boys would sacrifice anything to please Him. However, this wasn’t to be:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 In the course of time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cain brought an offering to the Lord   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  from the fruit of the soil, 4 while Abel,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for his part, brought one of the best first-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  lings of his flock. The Lord looked with   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  favor on Abel and his offering, 5 but on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cain and his offering he did not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Genesis 4:3-5) This passage shows that by giving an offering that is deemed worthy, the favor of God will shine down. However, the opposite also holds true, that if one’s offering is only sub-par, then God will not look down upon you with favor, as is the case with Cain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This idea is also portrayed in the story of Noah. The Lord God has seen that his beautiful creation has been corrupted, and decides that he will destroy all living things on Earth. However, God spares Noah and all of Noah’s descendants because, â€Å"Noah found this favor with the Lord† (Genesis 6:8). The Bible describes how Noah sought the approval of God. In the story it says he was, â€Å"a good man and blameless in that age, for he walked with God† (Genesis 6:9-10). God concludes to save Noah because he obeyed Him and became what God wanted him to be, without ever relinquishing his own convictions and personal identity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea of favoritism in Roman literature is extremely popular. Never was this more apparent than in The Aeneid of Virgil.

Robert Browning’s My Last Duchess and The Bishop Orders His Tomb at Sai

Dramatic Monologue in Robert Browning’s My Last Duchess and The Bishop Orders His Tomb at Saint Praxed’s Church The general public knows Robert Browning as the writer of â€Å"The Pied Piper† a beloved children’s tale, and the hero of the film The Barrett’s of Wimpole Street. Most recognize him for little else. The literary world recognizes him as one of the most prolific poets of all time. However, his grave in Westminster Abbey stands among the great figures in English history. At his death at age seventy-seven, Robert Browning had produced volumes of poetry. He had risen to the heights of literary greatness. Robert Browning received little acknowledgement for his work until he was in his fifties. â€Å"He had been following a blind alley. Now he had reversed his direction, and by so doing, had come in sight of his true destination, the dramatic monologue. In the dedication to Strafford he had correctly analyzed the bent of his genius; it was to treat Action in Character, rather than Character in Action†(Johnson 4). Browning used the dramatic monologues as his artistic vehicle. In â€Å"My Last Duchess† and â€Å"The Bishop Orders His Tomb at Saint Praxed’s† he presented characters with varying degrees of sympathy or satire as he took incidents from the past and made them come alive through his skillful use of the dramatic monologue. He rose to his position from rather modest beginnings in the south London village of Camberwell. Browning was born in 1812, to middle-class parents, his father, Robert, Sr., was a clerk for the Bank of England, and had refined artistic literary tastes. His mother Sarah Anne Widedemann, a devout Christian, pursued interests in music and nature. Browning read at age five and composed his first poetry ... ...wn.edu/victorian/books/alienvision/browning/2.html. Karlin, Daniel. The Courtship of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett. New York: Oxford University, 1985. Langbaum, Robert. â€Å"The Dramatic Monologue: Sympathy versus Judgment.† Modern Critical views Robert Browning. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1985. 23-44. Odden, Karen. â€Å"Robert Browning.† World Poets. Ed. Ron Padgett. Vol. 1. New York: Scribner’s, 2000. 163-173. Ryals, Clyde de L. â€Å"Browning’s Irony.† The Victorian Experience: The Poets Ed. Richard A. Levine. (1982): 23-46. Rpt. In Poetry Criticism. Ed. Robyn V. Young. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 1991. 90-97. Wagner-Lawlor, Jennifer A. â€Å"The Pragmatics of Silence, and the Figuration of the Reader in Browning’s Dramatic Monologues.† Victorian Poetry. 22 Apr. 2001. http://vp.engl.wvu.edu/fall97/wagner.html.

How Do Artists Use Symbols in the Meaning of Their Work Essay

Artists use symbols in different ways in their works to define their true feelings and to illustrate ideas and experiences. The three artists I will use to demonstrate how symbols can be used to gain different meanings are, Joseph Cornell, Salvador Dali and Rosalie Gascoigne. Cornell uses symbols to represent his fantasies and dreams, Dali also uses surrealist symbols to represent his desires and dreams and Gascoigne uses symbols to represent the landscape where she lived and decay. Joseph Cornell is an American sculptor and filmmaker. He was born on the 24th of December 1903 and died on the 29th of December 1972. Bebe Marie was created in the early 1940’s. It is made from a papered and painted wooden box that contains a doll in a dress made of cloth and a flower made also of cloth. If you look closely you will notice the intricate detail on the doll that has been placed behind the cluster of twigs. Because there is a doll in this sculpture, it perhaps has something to do with childhood and the numerous dark twigs suggests that the childhood portrayed was not a very delightful or happy one. Cornell likes to depict fantasy inspired and illusory images in his works, like in his work The Hotel Eden. Because Cornell lived in New York, he found many interesting and strange objects. He was also interested in second-hand bookstores, so he found a way to incorporate that in his work. Salvador Dali is a Spanish painter, sculptor and filmmaker. He was born on May 11th 1904 and he died on January the 23rd 1989. The Persistence of Memory was made in 1931. It was created by using oil on canvas. The work mainly features melted clocks and sky above the horizon. The clocks in this particular work are what give it a meaning. These symbols represent the facts that dreams can change and become strange and distorted. This work revolves around dreams and personal psychological fantasies. In fact, all of Dali’s work is based around dreams and psychological fantasies and generally things that simply do not occur in reality. For example, Dali’s work Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bumblebee around a Pomegranate a Moment Before Awakening. This work also goes back to the idea of reality and fantasy because of the tigers attacking the nude woman and the elephant hovering above the ocean. Rosalie Gascoigne is an Australian artist and sculptor. She was born on the 25th January 1917 and had died on the 23rd of October 1999. Regimental Colours was started in 1990 and finished in 1991. It was made using sawn soft drink crates on plywood. The work features various brands of soft drinks such as Schweppes. The main symbol in this work is the worn down surface. Many of her works are created around her interest in her surroundings. She likes to use older, worn down materials and signs that show age and have a history. Just like show has shown in Regimental Colours and also her work Sweet Lovers, she does this to show the memories and experiences through the aging material. In conclusion, symbols used in artworks are a very great way to express your inner feelings and emotions. Artists use this to their advantage so they can make their works more interesting and in depth.

“Animal Farm: A Fairy Story” Essay

A book that is based on a fable usually contains characters that act and talk like human beings while retaining their human traits. George Orwell wrote a book that was called ‘animal farm: a fairy story’ and was most likely based on the Russian Revolution which occurred during 1917 to 1945. There are many reasons to which why George Orwell would have used a fable in his condemnation of Soviet communism and totalitarianism. George Orwell used talking animals to show their interaction of these animals to help link things about humans that he can link to animals in the world. George Orwell’s book contained many animals which seemed to be imprisoned on a farm by their owner Mr. Jones, it is recognised by many people that this symbolised the Russia and the Soviet Union under Communist Party rule. The pigs seemed to represent the leaders because they made all the decisions that involved the animals and the farm. The rest of the animals seemed to be the citizens that lived on the farm and were controlled by Mr. Jones then the pigs. The battle at cow shed represented the civil war which ravaged Russia until1920. The battle of the windmill is linked to the German invasion of Russia during World War II. Throughout time, many animals have gained a reputation for their unique actions or even physical looks. These animals have been used to insult or describe someone or what they were doing. When George Orwell wrote this book, he was able to choose particular animals as particular characters to help forebode that character’s particular characteristics and their role in the story. Orwell would have had the animals in the story chosen to help link intelligent human characteristics with dirty farm animals. Orwell is able to use animals to link them to behaviours of humans and even end the book by saying that it is difficult to tell the difference. When George Orwell wrote this book, it would have been clear to him that the topic he was writing about was very controversial and would have angered or annoyed many people in powerful or influential positions that could do some harm to him or his career as a writer by making an influential comment or action. By writing a fable, he is able to protect himself from the criticism or denigration he might receive from those that believe they are being  slandered. Orwell was able to write the book to create an unspoken link with his work and the events that are happening around them that the readers are able to connect without the author making a direct connection. This would have been a very good reason for Orwell to write the book in the way he did. As George Orwell wrote the book, he would have wanted his work to be remembered or recognised for as long as possible. By writing in a fable, his message can be referred to in any situation or any point in time because he has not made any specific references to a specific event. By having his message written in such a way he can now have it spread because the message is universal. By writing the book as a fable, Orwell was able to write his story without having to explain what and why things were really happening because the story was most likely based on politics which can be very difficult to understand. Orwell was able to create reasons to which why things were happening and still have it linked to the complicated topic of politics. Many more readers of the book would have found it much easier to read and understand because Orwell explained it all in a new way without having to complicate it with other topics. Having a wider audience for his book would have helped him spread his thoughts and message with more people reading his book. Based on your understanding of the Russian Revolution, do the characters and events in Animal Farm take on any new significance?When George Orwell wrote this book, he might have wanted his message to be universal though it is quite clear to many readers that he based the story and the many characters on the environment he was living in and the people he knew much more about. The farm itself would have represented Russia as a country and the farm’s transformations would have represented the government changes which Russia undertook during the time which the book was written. The farms surrounding and interacting with Animal Farm would have symbolized the other countries in the world which related with the country during that time which tremendous change was happening in Russia. Farmer Jones is easily linked to Czar Nicholas II because Nicholas was the leader or Russia and Jones was the owner of the farm which represented Russia. Both leaders were beginning to be questioned and hated by their followers and soon lost what they had control of. Jones came back with other farmers to come and attempt to regain control of the farm though was met with all of the animals who did not allow Jones to come out of the battle victorious with some animals rising from the group and inspiring them to fight harder. Nicholas also came back with help from other countries to help him regain control of the country which he once controlled. The animals of the farm obviously represent everyone and everything that was under the control of Mr. Jones. In reality, this would represent all the citizens and working class who were struggling in those times which were many in numbers. Karl Marx and Old Major have an obvious similarity because Karl Marx was one of the first to proclaim his vision of a better country and Old Major was the pig who tells all of the animals on the farm of the dream he had that had resurrected an idea and thought which he had forgotten long ago but was able to remember and then pass those ideas onto the other animals. Both Marx and Old Major died before the revolution had come. Old Major spread his message of the vision that he had by teaching a song which he heard as a little pig called the ‘Beasts of England’. This ideology of communism was very popular with the animals and even got them excited where the ideas of communism began to spread throughout the world. A real song was also written by the followers of communism which was called ‘Communist Internationale’. Napoleon seems to be an obvious metaphor for Stalin who was able to become the new leader after Jones had been defeated. Stalin also became the new leader after the rebellion was able to take over. Both Napoleon and Stalin seemed to have the best interest of the country or the farm though both seemed to give into the evil temptations which arose while they were in  those positions. Napoleon began to slowly become greedier for more power which then began to influence his actions such as training the puppies not to read but to train them to become his personal protectors and even attackers. Napoleon soon begins to shower himself with more luxury and fort such as sleeping in a bed and even drinking alcohol. Stalin was also overwhelmed with new found luxury and power and soon let the peasants whom he was meant to help suffer. Snowball seems to be the symmetry of Leo Trotsky. Snowball was a pig that had the same interests of the farm as Napoleon in mind though it is how they each approached their ideas which got them into fights. Snowball was always disagreeing with Napoleon’s ideas and it was soon that Napoleon’s physical way of forcing his thoughts onto others that conquered over Snowball’s less taunting approach. Trotsky was soon seen as a traitor by the country and left as Snowball did when he was forced out by Napoleon. Squealer seems to represent the media in those times who attempted to influence everyone’s thoughts as to what they thought about why Napoleon did such acts as the media did with Stalin. Squealer becomes the only link to Napoleon to the rest of the animals on the farm and was the persuader and influential speaker who was able to hide or conceal the true intentions of the pigs. The media in those times were able to influence so well because the working class in those times were quite uneducated and needed something to think for then and it was that source of media that they depended on. Boxer is quite clearly the metaphor for the working class in those times. Boxer was a very hard working animal on the farm that made great efforts throughout his life and always had a simple motto to help him work even harder. The uneducated workers in those times were easily influenced by Stalin because it seemed as though they would prosper most in the new system as did Boxer. Boxer was a very dedicated follower of Stalin who was later on betrayed by being sent to the glue factory. Mollie is the representation of the middle class workers who are educated and understand the true effects under the new government which was being presented. Mollie would wear a ribbon and lick sugar when Jones was in charge of the farm though as the animals took over, Mollie was not aloud to wear ribbons or lick sugar for she had to make sacrifices. In reality, the middle class did not like the new system for they would be lowered to everyone else’s level. Mollie then leaves the farm after being caught being patted by another farmer and lives as she did when Jones was in charge. The puppies which were taken away from their mother by Napoleon became the bodyguards or defenders of Napoleon. These dogs that Napoleon trained to help keep his strong grip on the country attack Snowball and force him out of the farm which leaves no significant challengers for Napoleon to face. These dogs also attacked anyone that opposed or betrayed Napoleon in anyway. This easily represents the police or army which Stalin had control of when he took over as the leader of Russia. The windmill seems to represent the economy of Russia in those harsh times. The animals worked hard together to build the windmill even though there was a shortage of food and it was promised that this would help them significantly. This was just like in reality where Stalin had a five year plan to help Russia and just like the windmills, they failed to succeed. The book is easily linked to many things around Orwell as he wrote the book. Even though the message of Orwell was attempted to be made universal it is most likely connected to the significant Russian revolution.

“Nature and the Physical World”

Most common attitudes and behaviors today on nature greatly evolved during the Romantic Era. Before, in some European countries, people don’t usually celebrate any occasion related to nature. But today’s society, because Romanticism evolved, it greatly affects our perspective and approach towards nature. When talking about nature in the Romantic Era, Rousseau is an important figure. He is the man who loves to be associated with nature. He would usually walk and explore nature related sites, climb mountains, and just simply communicate with nature. Rousseau is man of sensitivity, mood and even paranoia. In his time, he explored the agonies of love and the sentimental aspect of it. Love is the most popular feeling celebrated in the Romantic Era. This is known before as a relationship between two individuals and up to now; we use this as a common definition of Love. As we all know, when we encounter Romanticism, it reflects European society. Before, Europe is surrounded by tragic happenings, emotions not being expressed freely, and places where usually killings would take place. But now, it is safer, less hazardous, and even very much beautiful to explore. Mountains and forest or deep woods are no longer places to be afraid of. Instead these are places that are awesome to commune with nature and to be enjoyed and pondered on. Storms on the ocean are now being used as one of the most interesting subject on paintings, musical tones, poems, and writings. Before, things such as ocean storms, lightning, deep woods or mountain views are often being feared. No one would dare to draw closer to these things in fear of losing their lives. Another reason is the supernatural beliefs of people that these things were left unexplored. In the Romantic Era, romantics did not just arouse the sensitivity of emotions, but also it aroused the sensitivity to nature. People have come to realize that communicating with nature could improve one’s lifestyle and belief. Nowadays, people would explore nature and its wilderness, and they usually feel the overwhelming calmness and relaxation that it provides. It has proven that the shift in attitude towards nature is powerful and really can offer long-lasting serenity and positive perception within self. Another important figure during the romantic era is William Wordsworth. Romantic Era in poetry is centered with man’s relationship with nature and the fascination of man with Mother Earth. For Wordsworth, the definition of Romanticism is the passionate relationship towards nature and its wonder and wilderness. In his time, the word â€Å"pantheism† was stated. Because Wordsworth made to reflect his naturalistic attitude in his works, modern Pantheists described it now that God is called life of all, nature, earth and the universe. Pantheists have deep admiration and respect of all living things around us, even the forces outside the earth or in the universe. But Wordsworth did not focus mainly on these things. What he focused on is the appreciation and love for beauty and exquisiteness of Mother Earth and nature. Wordsworth, just like Rousseau, would often go for walks, exploring the beauty of life around us. He would also climb mountains and the most common is his paying attention to the things related to nature that an ordinary individual would often miss in his everyday life. What he often witnessed when he is outdoors, was the overall feeling of calmness and serenity in times of agony and loneliness. We could tell that the love, peace and comfort that Wordsworth is getting from nature is actually the feeling we get every time we call for God. In the Romantic Era, we could probably come across an identical observation, because during this time Industrialization is also emerging and became one of the most attended things by people. Probably, just like Wordsworth, people would also love to go out of the city and search for peace and quietness in one place; just like what Mother Nature provides. These things were what poetry is during these times and even up to now. People tend to find a place where they can relax and be away from all the hard works, materialism, and aristocracies. A place where they can celebrate life and enjoy living as a free individual. In Wordsworth time, nature as described to provide these things would not probably be accepted; for a reason that during these times Church controls almost everyone and everything. Maybe people have tried but it was not socially accepted and anyone who must have caught doing this was branded as deviating from what society’s norm is dictating. Rousseau and Wordsworth, as well as some other Romantic poets and figures, have only one inspiration; Mother Nature and all the living things surrounding us. The paintings, poems, pictures and writings done during these times will probably make us realize how important it is to be away, even for sometime in the materialistic world. These things will also be our heaven in seeking comfort, peace and calmness within ourselves. Jut like poets and figures in the Romantic Era, we will perceive nature as the only thing that will give us no worries no matter what we lose, no matter what the circumstance is. It is the only thing that others cannot get from us, because it will just stay within us; in our hearts and in our minds. References: http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/romanticism.html http://www.customessaymeister.com/customessays/Poetry/3389.htm   

Social Contexts and Adolescent Development

How did I become the person I am today? Is it because of the way my parents raised me? Does it have anything to do with the friends that I had growing up? Could it be that my teachers went above and beyond their content to teach me life lessons? The fact is that I had many influences in my life including my parents, friends and teachers that led me down the path to become the adult I am today. The numerous social contexts that I have encountered in my life each had their own part in contributing to my behaviors, personality, beliefs, goals and essentially every part of my being.As an adolescent, and even as an adult, much of the information and guidance I have received about achieving adult status was acquired from my parents. I am very fortunate to have parents who have made such a positive impact on my life. As an adolescent, I did not always get along with my parents. They were very strict and I was often angry with them for not letting me have as much freedom as my friends. I can still hear my mom saying, â€Å"If your friends jumped off a bridge, would you? † Now, as an adult, I understand that they really were just trying to look out for me.As far as preparing me for adulthood, my parents encouraged me to always do my best. My parents taught me that hard work is important and not only did they talk the talk, but they walked the walk. They led by example, and because of them I have an excellent work ethic which will be useful when I begin my teaching career (which I hope is very soon). Many adolescents do not look to their parents for information and guidance. They often feel like their parents do not understand them or their problems.As a teacher, I can try to help foster strong relationships between parents and students by providing support for those families who need it. I can provide parents with information about raising adolescents as it can be a very tough time with their child going through so many changes. As far as the students are concern ed, I can encourage them to go to their parents for advice and let them know that their parents are smarter than they think. I can even provide them with examples from my own life where my parents gave me excellent advice, even though I didn’t think that at the time.Another influential source of information and guidance in my adolescent years was that of my middle and high school teachers. In fact, one of the reasons that I chose teaching as a career was because of the positive interactions that I had with many of my own teachers. My favorite teachers were the ones who taught me how to be a better person, not just a better student. They had high expectations, taught organizational skills, encouraged self initiative, and provided guidance and advice outside of the content.I felt like they were always open to help in any situation. I want my students to understand that teachers can make a make a big difference in their life. I want them to know that they can always come to me w hen they have a problem and that I will always try my best to help them find a solution. I hope to teach them skills that they can use after they leave my classroom. I want what I teach them to stay with them forever, not just while I am their teacher. I also think it is important that they are encouraged to have relationships with other teachers, not just myself.All teachers have experienced adolescence, and each one of us brings something different to the table. If I am not able to help a student with a problem, then I can point them to someone who can. In typical adolescent fashion, I was also very influenced by my peers. While it may not seem that adolescent peers would provide much information and guidance for reaching adult status that is just simply not true. Interactions with my peers taught me about handling conflict, considering others, and making decisions. These peer experiences prepared me for similar situations that I would encounter as an adult.I think that peer inter actions are so important to adolescents because at this stage in their development much of their behavior is influenced mostly by their peers. As a teacher, I want to teach my students how to use interactions with their peers in a positive manner. I want to foster strong relationships in the classroom, so that students can use the characteristics of these relationships to build new relationships. I want my students to know that they can learn a lot from their friends, both good and bad. The important thing for them is to know how to separate the good from the bad, and learn rom their mistakes, as well as the mistakes of others. A context that involved both peers and teachers and one in which I learned many skills and responsibilities required for achieving adult status was high school marching band. Being a part of band taught me many skills that were necessary for attaining adult status. One of the most obvious skills that comes from being in band is teamwork. I also learned confid ence and pride. Dedication was also necessary because we put so much time into practicing and performing. One of the most difficult lessons was learning that we could not always come in first place.This lesson is very helpful because as an adult, because I am not going to get every job I apply for. Learning to keep going when we feel defeated is very important. I want to encourage my students to participate in extracurricular activities, whether it be band, sports or other clubs. Students should have the opportunities to learn these skills that come from being a part of something. I them to know that when I look back at my adolescent years, the thing I miss the most are the activities such as band, school musicals and community service clubs.Though I am not active in church as an adult, it was definitely one of the social contexts that had a great influence on who I am. There are so many lessons that one learns at church that can be applied to life. Going to church introduced me to being a part of something greater than myself and gave me the opportunity to express my beliefs. While I am not able to bring religion into the school setting, I can still remind my students that organizations that they are a part of can provide much information and guidance in becoming an adult. I can encourage them to stand strong in what they believe in, but to also respect the beliefs of others.In this day and age, it would pretty much be impossible for the media to not have any influence on the development of adolescents. However, I would say that in my own personal experience media had a part, but only a small part, in informing and guiding me from adolescence into adulthood. One of the reasons that media was not a big influence in my life goes back to how strict my parents were. I was not allowed to watch a lot of television or listen to a lot of music. My time on the computer was very limited. All of my interactions with media were monitored pretty closely.Unfortunately, mos t adolescents in today’s world have entirely too much media influence. Many students have their own smart phones which gives them access to pretty much anything they want access to. Television and movies that are geared toward adolescents are more risque than they were a decade ago. As a teacher I think it is important that I warn students of the negative impacts that media can have on their development. However, media can also impact students in a positive way if used correctly. I would like to teach my students how to use media to research important topics that can help them grow into knowledgeable young adults.If media is a big influence in their life, I want to make sure that it is a positive influence. I think my experiences as an adolescent are still relevant to the lives of adolescents today. While my experiences as an adolescent took place more than a decade ago, adolescents in today’s world continue to encounter many of the same situations of the past. Peer pr essure still exists and takes a toll on the decision making of adolescents when it comes to risky behaviors such as drinking, drugs and sex. The interaction and conflict that they have with their parents, is very similar to the interactions that I experienced with my own parents.I felt the need for independence, just as they do. The emotions that I encountered as an adolescent are still experienced by adolescents today. I went through heartbreak, making new and losing old friends, the desire to be popular, and trying to impress others. Our world has changed tremendously over the past decade, but the issues of adolescence as well as adolescent development have continued to remain the same. Having experienced the years of adolescence myself, along with the education I have received about adolescent development, I believe that I can have a positive influence on the lives of my students.Helping my students understand that they are in control of who they become is one of my top prioritie s. I can accomplish this by teaching them to be open to information and guidance from the many social contexts in their life, and emphasizing focus on the positive aspects of the various influences. I also believe that it is important for me to share how I was influenced by many different contexts in my own life. I would hope that this would help me connect with my students and lead them to attaining adult status using what they learn from the many contexts in their own life.

Articles Of Confederation

Articles Of Confederation Essay Articles Of ConfederationIn the 1770’s, as America’s great thinkers and writers were declaring their desire for independence; they also established a committee to lay the foundation for the American form of government. These brilliant writers and philosophers hesitantly began designing the national level of government for use in America and named their final draft the Articles of Confederation . Out of their utter distrust of a centralized government, due to their association with the English monarchial system, the drafters deliberately established these articles as a loose confederation of states, rather than a firmly united nation. Life under the Articles of Confederation was filled with hardships and uncertainty, and the political scene was paralyzed with inability due to the lack of sovereignty in a central executive branch and the unanimous state consent required for the ratification of an amendment together with the lack of a taxation privilege . However, despite its inherent flaws, the Confederation government did prove capable to accomplish a few foreign and domestic achievements. Under the authority of the Confederation, the United States began to introduce itself in the global scene. The United States determined its place in the community of nations by establishing diplomatic relations and its participation in the world economy. The Confederation Congress also accomplished something many historians overlook. They successfully managed, organized, and eventually won the Revolutionary War . After winning the war, the Congress went on to successfully negotiate the Treaty of Paris and compelled the British to recognize American independence. On the domestic home front, the Congress began to effectively solve the land ordnance problem. The Confederation Congress established a procedure for governing the new territories and organized them into prospective states, giving each prospective state full and equal status with the original thirteen sta tes. Furthermore, they institutionalized systems of local government, and public education . Moreover, while accomplishing all this, the congress managed to keep the national economy afloat. This proved to be an enormous feat because the economy was suffering from the loss of colonial privileges. These major achievements were all accomplished despite the inherent flaws in the basic structure of the Confederation government. The Articles of Confederation created a unicameral Confederation Congress, with each state having only one vote. On most political matters this legislative body required the approval of 9 out of 13 states to ratify any proposed Congressional intention. In Article 13, the Articles declared that in order to ratify an amendment to the Articles the consent of all 13 states were required . This left the national government, running through the Confederation Congress, powerless and unable to proceed with the most trivial matters of politics. The Confederation Government, under the Articles, lacked an executive and judicial branch. This caused Congress to be severely handicapped when it came to the enforcement of her requests. This lack of an executive, coupled with the Congress’s negated power of taxation, caused a crippling financial difficulties. The Congress, having only enough power to request essential national funds from the states, found that many refused to pay, or were late in doing so. Due to the lack of an executive branch, Congress soon found itself facing a mounting national debt that it was unable to pay on its own or force states to assume their share of the burden. Since change was virtually impossible, due to the unanimous amendment process, the Articles remained unchanged and hardships continued to mount for many Americans. The major hardships of America in the period of Confederation rule were primarily between the debtor and the creditor . The economic downturn of the mid 1780’s, caused by the removal of the guaranteed English markets, left many farmers ruined and inundated with debt . These farmers pleaded with their state governments for help, but in most cases states refused to interfere, in one case in particular, these angered mobs of farmers rebelled against the government. This rebellion was known as Shays’ Rebellion in 1786 . Alarmed by the rebellion, other state governments agreed to help the angry farmers to thwart these rebellions. Their help came in the form of coining money to cause inflation, thus making the debt seem smaller and smaller. Under the Articles, this coinage was completely legal and it caused terrible interstate controversies. Congress, lacking the power to regulate interstate commerce, could only helplessly watch as rival states began a series of tariff wars o ver the inflation. These tariff wars, which devastated the national trade, coupled with Shays rebellion, seemed to be the culmination of all the downfalls and weaknesses of the fledgling government and change was deemed to be necessary . READ: Parts Of The Computer EssayBy 1887, some of the American leaders realized if the country was to survive a new plan of government needed to be considered. Thus, the Annapolis Convention of 1786 was held to address regional issues such as trade, but delegates were soon calling for a national convention . At this convention in Philadelphia 1787, the authors of a new plan proposed change of the loose confederation of states to a solid national union. They then changed the mode of representation in Article 1, section 3, as to better represent the people of America. In article 1, section 8, they empowered congress to regulate trade among states, raise revenue through taxation, coin national money, discontinue state coining, and enforce federal laws and treaties . The Constitution also imposed a federal executive and judicial branch to act directly on the individual citizens of America and to execute and interpret the laws of Congress. The Articles of Confederation, which were in for ce from 1781 to 1789, had many shortcomings and flaws, most due to the inherent distrust of a strong central power. These weaknesses caused many problems in America. Inflation grew, tariff wars between states commenced, and the uncertainty of a possible mob-rule lived in the minds of many. However, despite the flaws and setbacks imposed by the Articles, the fledgling Congress proved capable enough to establish mechanisms for westward expansion, establish the United States in the World Scene, and maintain a running economy . Still, a need for constitutional change was illustrated by the severe problems, and the Philadelphia convention answered the call. The drafters of the new constitution looked at all the mistakes created by the Articles, and to their great credit, successfully learned from them. They used the Articles as a foundation, and established the United States Constitution which today still stands as the greatest republic known to man. History Essays

Organisations & Behaviour Learning Organisations Essay

Organisations & Behaviour Learning Organisations - Essay Example A learning organisation intentionally designs the structures and strategies in order to enhance and maximise the learning of its employees. (Dodgson, 1993) With the changing environment of business and advancing technology the notion of the Learning organisations has gained much more importance. Learning has become an important characteristic of an organisation in order to compete in the global business. Learning is a volatile and dynamic concept through which the process of updating in an organisation takes place. With the growing size of the corporations and continuous innovations in the field of technology the individual learning has transformed to the notion of the organisational learning. The notion of learning plays an important part in the progress of an individual just like that the learning on the organisational level plays an important part in the growth of an organisation. The organisational group of people can define the organisational learning as the sum of the learning activities of the individual, which takes the shape of combined effort. (Dodgson, 1993; Fiol & Lyles, 1985). An organisational learning program should be designed in the way that it is not lost when the members of the organisation leave the organisation. ... ive environment of the business in today's high pace changing business environment enhancing the learning capabilities of business is the solution of half of the problems. (Prahalad & Hamel, 1994). Equally important is the creation of an unlearning organisation which essentially means that the organisation must forget some of its past. Thus, learning occurs amidst such conflicting factors (Dodgson, 1993). Most of the leading companies of the world like Shell were among the first to embrace the notion of learning. In Shell Arie de Geus described learning as the only strategy to compete effectively. Hence learning organisation can be defined as "The essence of organisational learning is the organisation's ability to use the amazing mental capacity of all its members to create the kind of processes that will improve its own" (Dixon, 1994) "A Learning Company is an organisation that facilitates the learning of all its members and continually transforms itself" (Pedler, Burgoyne & Boydell, 1991) "Organisations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to learn together" (Peter Senge, 1990) The following are the important characteristics of the learning organisations: Learning organisations adopts the external environments. They are flexible and continue the process of change. Depicts the combination of individual and collective learning. Keeps on learning with the outcomes. Learning can be done in two ways. 1) Single loop 2) Double loop In single loop learning people learn in a way prescribed to them by the organisation. In double loop learning people, people not only learn in a